파일을 다운로드할 때 전체 파일을 메모리에 올리는 대신 서비스 워커에서 스트리밍으로 복호화하도록 변경

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>

eslint.config.js

@@ -60,7 +60,8 @@ export default defineConfig(
     // Domain-agnostic components
     "src/lib/ui/**": "^(#lib/(server|client|features)/|#trpc/)",
     "src/lib/features/**": "^#lib/server/",
-    "src/service-worker/**": "^(#lib/(?!shared/|client/storage/opfs\\.js$)|#trpc/|#workers/)",
+    "src/service-worker/**":
+      "^(#lib/(?!shared/|client/storage/|client/cache/fileCache\\.js$)|#trpc/|#workers/)",
   }),
   {
     files: ["**/*.svelte", "**/*.svelte.ts", "**/*.svelte.js"],

src/hooks.client.ts

@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 import type { ClientInit } from "@sveltejs/kit/hooks";
-import { prepareFileCache } from "#lib/client/cache/index.js";
 import { keyring } from "#lib/client/keys/index.js";
-import { listenForMetadataRequests } from "#lib/client/serviceWorker.js";
+import { listenForServiceWorkerMessages } from "#lib/client/serviceWorker.js";
 import { cleanupDanglingInfos } from "#lib/client/storage/indexedDB/index.js";
 
 const requestPersistentStorage = async () => {
@@ -14,9 +13,9 @@ const requestPersistentStorage = async () => {
 };
 
 export const init: ClientInit = async () => {
-  listenForMetadataRequests();
+  listenForServiceWorkerMessages();
 
-  await Promise.all([requestPersistentStorage(), prepareFileCache(), keyring.load()]);
+  await Promise.all([requestPersistentStorage(), keyring.load()]);
 
   cleanupDanglingInfos(); // Intended
 };

src/lib/client/cache/fileCache.ts

@@ -1,50 +1,50 @@
 import {
-  getFileCacheIndex as getFileCacheIndexFromIndexedDB,
-  storeFileCacheIndex,
   deleteFileCacheIndex,
-  type FileCacheIndex,
+  getFileCacheIndex as getAllFileCacheIndexes,
-} from "#lib/client/storage/indexedDB/index.js";
+  getFileCacheIndexOf,
-import { readFile, writeFile, deleteFile } from "#lib/client/storage/opfs.js";
+  storeFileCacheIndex,
+  updateFileCacheRetrievedAt,
+} from "#lib/client/storage/indexedDB/cacheIndex.js";
+import { createWritable, deleteFile, getFile } from "#lib/client/storage/opfs.js";
 
-const fileCacheIndex = new Map<number, FileCacheIndex>();
+// Used by both the pages and the service worker, so the index is always read from IndexedDB
 
-export const prepareFileCache = async () => {
+const getPath = (fileId: number) => `/cache/${fileId}`;
-  for (const cache of await getFileCacheIndexFromIndexedDB()) {
-    fileCacheIndex.set(cache.fileId, cache);
-  }
-};
 
-export const getFileCacheIndex = () => {
+export const getFileCacheIndex = async () => {
-  return Array.from(fileCacheIndex.values());
+  return await getAllFileCacheIndexes();
 };
 
+// The index is written only after the whole content is written
 export const getFileCache = async (fileId: number) => {
-  const cacheIndex = fileCacheIndex.get(fileId);
+  if (!(await getFileCacheIndexOf(fileId))) return null;
-  if (!cacheIndex) return null;
 
-  cacheIndex.lastRetrievedAt = new Date();
+  const file = await getFile(getPath(fileId));
-  storeFileCacheIndex(cacheIndex); // Intended
+  if (file) {
-  return await readFile(`/cache/${fileId}`);
+    void updateFileCacheRetrievedAt(fileId, new Date());
+  }
+  return file;
 };
 
-export const storeFileCache = async (fileId: number, fileBuffer: ArrayBuffer) => {
+export const storeFileCache = async (fileId: number, stream: ReadableStream<Uint8Array>) => {
-  const now = new Date();
+  const path = getPath(fileId);
-  await writeFile(`/cache/${fileId}`, fileBuffer);
+  try {
+    await stream.pipeTo(await createWritable(path));
+  } catch (e) {
+    await deleteFile(path).catch(() => {});
+    throw e;
+  }
 
-  const cacheIndex: FileCacheIndex = {
+  const now = new Date();
+  await storeFileCacheIndex({
     fileId,
     cachedAt: now,
     lastRetrievedAt: now,
-    size: fileBuffer.byteLength,
+    size: (await getFile(path))?.size ?? 0,
-  };
+  });
-  fileCacheIndex.set(fileId, cacheIndex);
-  await storeFileCacheIndex(cacheIndex);
 };
 
 export const deleteFileCache = async (fileId: number) => {
-  if (!fileCacheIndex.has(fileId)) return;
-
-  fileCacheIndex.delete(fileId);
-  await deleteFile(`/cache/${fileId}`);
   await deleteFileCacheIndex(fileId);
+  await deleteFile(getPath(fileId));
 };

src/lib/client/media/exif.ts

@@ -25,3 +25,23 @@ export const extractExifDateTime = (fileBuffer: ArrayBuffer) => {
   const offsetMs = offsetSign * ((offsetHour ?? 0) * 60 + (offsetMinute ?? 0)) * 60 * 1000;
   return new Date(utcDate - offsetMs);
 };
+
+const EXIF_SEARCH_SIZE = 1024 * 1024; // 1 MiB
+const MAX_FULL_READ_SIZE = 64 * 1024 * 1024; // 64 MiB
+
+const tryExtractExifDateTime = (buffer: ArrayBuffer) => {
+  try {
+    return extractExifDateTime(buffer);
+  } catch {
+    return undefined;
+  }
+};
+
+// EXIF is usually at the beginning of the file, so the whole file is read only if not found
+export const readExifDateTime = async (file: Blob) => {
+  const dateTime = tryExtractExifDateTime(await file.slice(0, EXIF_SEARCH_SIZE).arrayBuffer());
+  if (dateTime || file.size <= EXIF_SEARCH_SIZE || file.size > MAX_FULL_READ_SIZE) {
+    return dateTime;
+  }
+  return tryExtractExifDateTime(await file.arrayBuffer());
+};

src/lib/client/media/thumbnail.ts

@@ -82,35 +82,42 @@ const generateVideoThumbnail = (videoUrl: string, time = 0) => {
   });
 };
 
-export const generateThumbnail = async (blob: Blob) => {
+const convertHeicToPng = async (blob: Blob) => {
-  let url;
+  const { default: heic2any } = await import("heic2any");
+  return (await heic2any({ blob, toType: "image/png" })) as Blob;
+};
+
+// Generates a thumbnail of the image or video at the URL. Returns `null` if not supported.
+export const generateThumbnailFromUrl = async (url: string, contentType: string) => {
   try {
-    if (blob.type.startsWith("image/")) {
+    if (contentType.startsWith("image/")) {
-      url = URL.createObjectURL(blob);
       try {
         return await generateImageThumbnail(url);
       } catch {
-        URL.revokeObjectURL(url);
+        if (contentType !== "image/heic") return null;
-        url = undefined;
 
-        if (blob.type === "image/heic") {
+        // Chromium can't decode HEIC images
-          const { default: heic2any } = await import("heic2any");
+        const png = URL.createObjectURL(await convertHeicToPng(await (await fetch(url)).blob()));
-          url = URL.createObjectURL((await heic2any({ blob, toType: "image/png" })) as Blob);
+        try {
-          return await generateImageThumbnail(url);
+          return await generateImageThumbnail(png);
-        } else {
+        } finally {
-          return null;
+          URL.revokeObjectURL(png);
         }
       }
-    } else if (blob.type.startsWith("video/")) {
+    } else if (contentType.startsWith("video/")) {
-      url = URL.createObjectURL(blob);
       return await generateVideoThumbnail(url);
     }
     return null;
   } catch {
     return null;
+  }
+};
+
+export const generateThumbnail = async (blob: Blob) => {
+  const url = URL.createObjectURL(blob);
+  try {
+    return await generateThumbnailFromUrl(url, blob.type);
   } finally {
-    if (url) {
+    URL.revokeObjectURL(url);
-      URL.revokeObjectURL(url);
-    }
   }
 };

src/lib/client/serviceWorker.ts

@@ -1,8 +1,9 @@
-import { DECRYPTED_FILE_URL_PREFIX } from "#lib/shared/serviceWorker.js";
+import { handleDownloadProgress } from "#lib/client/transfer/download.svelte.js";
-import type {
+import {
-  FileMetadata,
+  DECRYPTED_FILE_URL_PREFIX,
-  ServiceWorkerMessage,
+  type FileMetadata,
-  ServiceWorkerResponse,
+  type ServiceWorkerMessage,
+  type ServiceWorkerResponse,
 } from "#lib/shared/serviceWorker.js";
 
 const PREPARE_TIMEOUT_MS = 5000;
@@ -10,17 +11,22 @@ const PREPARE_TIMEOUT_MS = 5000;
 // The service worker may be terminated at any time, losing its in-memory metadata.
 // Keep a copy here so that it can be re-requested on demand.
 const preparedFiles = new Map<number, FileMetadata>();
-let isListeningForMetadataRequests = false;
+let isListening = false;
 
-export const listenForMetadataRequests = () => {
+export const listenForServiceWorkerMessages = () => {
-  if (isListeningForMetadataRequests) return;
+  if (isListening) return;
-  isListeningForMetadataRequests = true;
+  isListening = true;
 
   navigator.serviceWorker.addEventListener(
     "message",
     (event: MessageEvent<ServiceWorkerResponse>) => {
-      if (event.data.type === "decryption-metadata-request") {
+      switch (event.data.type) {
-        event.ports[0]?.postMessage(preparedFiles.get(event.data.fileId) ?? null);
+        case "decryption-metadata-request":
+          event.ports[0]?.postMessage(preparedFiles.get(event.data.fileId) ?? null);
+          break;
+        case "download-progress":
+          handleDownloadProgress(event.data);
+          break;
       }
     },
   );
@@ -37,7 +43,7 @@ const getServiceWorker = async () => {
 
 export const prepareFileDecryption = async (id: number, metadata: FileMetadata) => {
   preparedFiles.set(id, metadata);
-  listenForMetadataRequests();
+  listenForServiceWorkerMessages();
 
   const sw = await getServiceWorker();
   return new Promise<void>((resolve, reject) => {
@@ -63,3 +69,10 @@ export const prepareFileDecryption = async (id: number, metadata: FileMetadata)
 };
 
 export const getDecryptedFileUrl = (id: number) => `${DECRYPTED_FILE_URL_PREFIX}${id}`;
+
+// Lets the service worker download, decrypt, and save the file
+export const saveDecryptedFile = (id: number, filename: string) => {
+  const link = document.createElement("a");
+  link.href = `${getDecryptedFileUrl(id)}?download=${encodeURIComponent(filename)}`;
+  link.click();
+};

src/lib/client/storage/indexedDB/cacheIndex.ts

@@ -28,6 +28,14 @@ export const storeFileCacheIndex = async (fileCacheIndex: FileCacheIndex) => {
   });
 };
 
+export const getFileCacheIndexOf = async (fileId: number) => {
+  return await cacheIndex.fileCache.get(fileId);
+};
+
+export const updateFileCacheRetrievedAt = async (fileId: number, lastRetrievedAt: Date) => {
+  await cacheIndex.fileCache.update(fileId, { lastRetrievedAt });
+};
+
 export const deleteFileCacheIndex = async (fileId: number) => {
   await cacheIndex.fileCache.delete(fileId);
 };

src/lib/client/storage/opfs.ts

@@ -48,6 +48,12 @@ export const writeFile = async (path: string, data: ArrayBuffer) => {
   }
 };
 
+// Changes are applied atomically when the stream is closed, and discarded if it is aborted
+export const createWritable = async (path: string) => {
+  const { fileHandle } = await getFileHandle(path);
+  return await fileHandle!.createWritable();
+};
+
 export const deleteFile = async (path: string) => {
   const { parentHandle, filename } = await getFileHandle(path, false);
   if (!parentHandle) return;

src/lib/client/transfer/chunkedUpload.ts

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import pLimit from "p-limit";
 import { encodeToBase64, encryptChunk } from "#lib/shared/crypto/index.js";
 import { CHUNK_SIZE, getChunkCount, getEncryptedSize } from "#lib/shared/format/index.js";
 import { BoundedQueue } from "#lib/utils/concurrency/index.js";
+import { createSpeedMeter } from "#lib/utils/speedMeter.js";
 
 interface UploadStats {
   progress: number;
@@ -15,59 +16,6 @@ interface EncryptedChunk {
   data: ArrayBuffer;
 }
 
-const createSpeedMeter = (timeWindow = 3000, minInterval = 200, warmupPeriod = 500) => {
-  const samples: { t: number; b: number }[] = [];
-  let lastSpeed = 0;
-  let startTime: number | null = null;
-
-  return (bytesNow?: number) => {
-    if (bytesNow === undefined) return lastSpeed;
-
-    const now = performance.now();
-
-    // Initialize start time on first call
-    if (startTime === null) {
-      startTime = now;
-    }
-
-    // Check if enough time has passed since the last sample
-    const lastSample = samples[samples.length - 1];
-    if (lastSample && now - lastSample.t < minInterval) {
-      return lastSpeed;
-    }
-
-    samples.push({ t: now, b: bytesNow });
-
-    // Remove old samples outside the time window
-    const cutoff = now - timeWindow;
-    while (samples.length > 2 && samples[0]!.t < cutoff) samples.shift();
-
-    // Need at least 2 samples to calculate speed
-    if (samples.length < 2) {
-      return lastSpeed;
-    }
-
-    const first = samples[0]!;
-    const dt = now - first.t;
-    const db = bytesNow - first.b;
-
-    if (dt >= minInterval) {
-      const instantSpeed = (db / dt) * 1000;
-      // Apply EMA for smoother speed transitions
-      const alpha = 0.3;
-      const rawSpeed =
-        lastSpeed === 0 ? instantSpeed : alpha * instantSpeed + (1 - alpha) * lastSpeed;
-
-      // Apply warmup ramp to prevent initial overestimation
-      const elapsed = now - startTime;
-      const warmupWeight = Math.min(1, elapsed / warmupPeriod);
-      lastSpeed = rawSpeed * warmupWeight;
-    }
-
-    return lastSpeed;
-  };
-};
-
 const encryptChunkData = async (chunk: Blob, dataKey: CryptoKey): Promise<ArrayBuffer> => {
   return await encryptChunk(await chunk.arrayBuffer(), dataKey);
 };

src/lib/client/transfer/download.svelte.ts

@@ -1,34 +1,21 @@
-import axios from "axios";
+import type { DownloadProgressMessage } from "#lib/shared/serviceWorker.js";
-import { limitFunction } from "p-limit";
+import { createSpeedMeter } from "#lib/utils/speedMeter.js";
-import { decryptChunk, concatenateBuffers } from "#lib/shared/crypto/index.js";
+
-import { ENCRYPTED_CHUNK_SIZE } from "#lib/shared/format/index.js";
+// Files are downloaded and decrypted by the service worker, which reports the progress
 
 export interface FileDownloadState {
   id: number;
-  status:
+  status: "downloading" | "completed" | "error";
-    | "download-pending"
-    | "downloading"
-    | "decryption-pending"
-    | "decrypting"
-    | "decrypted"
-    | "canceled"
-    | "error";
   progress?: number;
   rate?: number;
-  estimated?: number;
-  result?: ArrayBuffer;
 }
 
-type LiveFileDownloadState = FileDownloadState & {
-  status: "download-pending" | "downloading" | "decryption-pending" | "decrypting";
-};
-
 let downloadingFiles: FileDownloadState[] = $state([]);
+const speedMeters = new WeakMap<FileDownloadState, ReturnType<typeof createSpeedMeter>>();
 
-export const isFileDownloading = (
+export const isFileDownloading = (status: FileDownloadState["status"]) => {
-  status: FileDownloadState["status"],
+  return status === "downloading";
-): status is LiveFileDownloadState["status"] =>
+};
-  ["download-pending", "downloading", "decryption-pending", "decrypting"].includes(status);
 
 export const getFileDownloadState = (fileId: number) => {
   return downloadingFiles.find((file) => file.id === fileId && isFileDownloading(file.status));
@@ -42,69 +29,27 @@ export const clearDownloadedFiles = () => {
   downloadingFiles = downloadingFiles.filter((file) => isFileDownloading(file.status));
 };
 
-const requestFileDownload = limitFunction(
+export const handleDownloadProgress = ({
-  async (state: FileDownloadState, id: number) => {
+  fileId,
-    state.status = "downloading";
+  status,
+  loaded,
+  total,
+}: DownloadProgressMessage) => {
+  let state = getFileDownloadState(fileId);
+  if (!state) {
+    if (status !== "downloading") return;
 
-    const res = await axios.get(`/api/file/${id}/download`, {
+    downloadingFiles.push({ id: fileId, status });
-      responseType: "arraybuffer",
+    state = downloadingFiles.at(-1)!;
-      onDownloadProgress: ({ progress, rate, estimated }) => {
+    speedMeters.set(state, createSpeedMeter());
-        state.progress = progress;
-        state.rate = rate;
-        state.estimated = estimated;
-      },
-    });
-    const fileEncrypted: ArrayBuffer = res.data;
-
-    state.status = "decryption-pending";
-    return fileEncrypted;
-  },
-  { concurrency: 1 },
-);
-
-const decryptFile = limitFunction(
-  async (
-    state: FileDownloadState,
-    fileEncrypted: ArrayBuffer,
-    encryptedChunkSize: number,
-    dataKey: CryptoKey,
-  ) => {
-    state.status = "decrypting";
-
-    const chunks: ArrayBuffer[] = [];
-    let offset = 0;
-
-    while (offset < fileEncrypted.byteLength) {
-      const nextOffset = Math.min(offset + encryptedChunkSize, fileEncrypted.byteLength);
-      chunks.push(await decryptChunk(fileEncrypted.slice(offset, nextOffset), dataKey));
-      offset = nextOffset;
-    }
-
-    const fileBuffer = concatenateBuffers(...chunks).buffer;
-    state.status = "decrypted";
-    state.result = fileBuffer;
-    return fileBuffer;
-  },
-  { concurrency: 4 },
-);
-
-export const downloadFile = async (id: number, dataKey: CryptoKey, isLegacy: boolean) => {
-  downloadingFiles.push({
-    id,
-    status: "download-pending",
-  });
-  const state = downloadingFiles.at(-1)!;
-
-  try {
-    const fileEncrypted = await requestFileDownload(state, id);
-    return await decryptFile(
-      state,
-      fileEncrypted,
-      isLegacy ? fileEncrypted.byteLength : ENCRYPTED_CHUNK_SIZE,
-      dataKey,
-    );
-  } catch (e) {
-    state.status = "error";
-    throw e;
   }
+
+  if (status === "canceled") {
+    downloadingFiles = downloadingFiles.filter((file) => file !== state);
+    return;
+  }
+
+  state.status = status;
+  state.progress = total > 0 ? loaded / total : 1;
+  state.rate = speedMeters.get(state)?.(loaded);
 };

src/lib/client/transfer/upload.svelte.ts

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ import {
   type HmacSecret,
   type MasterKey,
 } from "#lib/client/keys/index.js";
-import { extractExifDateTime } from "#lib/client/media/exif.js";
+import { readExifDateTime } from "#lib/client/media/exif.js";
 import { generateThumbnail } from "#lib/client/media/thumbnail.js";
 import { uploadBlob } from "#lib/client/transfer/chunkedUpload.js";
 import {
@@ -41,9 +41,7 @@ export type LiveFileUploadState = FileUploadState & {
   status: "queued" | "encryption-pending" | "encrypting" | "upload-pending" | "uploading";
 };
 
-const scheduler = new Scheduler<
+const scheduler = new Scheduler<{ fileId: number; thumbnailBuffer?: ArrayBuffer } | undefined>();
-  { fileId: number; fileBuffer?: ArrayBuffer; thumbnailBuffer?: ArrayBuffer } | undefined
->();
 let uploadingFiles: FileUploadState[] = $state([]);
 
 const isFileUploading = (status: FileUploadState["status"]) =>
@@ -213,7 +211,6 @@ export const uploadFile = async (
         return;
       }
 
-      let fileBuffer;
       const fileType = getFileType(file);
       const fileMetadata: FileMetadata = {
         parentId,
@@ -222,8 +219,7 @@ export const uploadFile = async (
       };
 
       if (fileType.startsWith("image/")) {
-        fileBuffer = await file.arrayBuffer();
+        fileMetadata.createdAt = await readExifDateTime(file);
-        fileMetadata.createdAt = extractExifDateTime(fileBuffer);
       }
 
       const blob = new Blob([file], { type: fileType });
@@ -241,7 +237,7 @@ export const uploadFile = async (
         dataKeyVersion,
       );
 
-      return { fileId, fileBuffer, thumbnailBuffer };
+      return { fileId, thumbnailBuffer };
     } catch (e) {
       state.status = "error";
       throw e;

src/lib/features/filesystem/content.ts

@@ -1,41 +1,57 @@
 import {
   deleteFileCache,
   deleteFileThumbnailCache,
-  getFileCache,
-  storeFileCache,
   storeFileThumbnailCache,
 } from "#lib/client/cache/index.js";
-import { getDecryptedFileUrl, prepareFileDecryption } from "#lib/client/serviceWorker.js";
+import {
+  getDecryptedFileUrl,
+  prepareFileDecryption,
+  saveDecryptedFile,
+} from "#lib/client/serviceWorker.js";
 import { getAllFileInfos } from "#lib/client/storage/indexedDB/index.js";
 import { uploadBlob } from "#lib/client/transfer/chunkedUpload.js";
-import { downloadFile } from "#lib/client/transfer/index.js";
 import { trpc } from "#trpc/client.js";
 import type { DataKey } from "./types";
 
-// Returns the decrypted content of the file, from the cache if available
+interface StreamableFile {
-export const getFileContent = async (fileId: number, dataKey: CryptoKey, isLegacy: boolean) => {
+  id: number;
-  const cache = await getFileCache(fileId);
+  isLegacy?: boolean;
-  if (cache) return cache;
+  dataKey?: DataKey;
+  contentType: string;
+}
 
-  const fileBuffer = await downloadFile(fileId, dataKey, isLegacy);
+// Returns a URL from which the service worker streams the decrypted content of the file
-  void storeFileCache(fileId, fileBuffer);
+export const getFileStreamUrl = async ({ id, isLegacy, dataKey, contentType }: StreamableFile) => {
-  return fileBuffer;
+  if (!dataKey) {
-};
+    throw new Error("Data key not loaded");
+  }
 
-// Returns a URL from which the service worker streams the decrypted file
+  const res = await fetch(`/api/file/${id}/download`, { method: "HEAD" });
-export const getFileStreamUrl = async (fileId: number, dataKey: CryptoKey, contentType: string) => {
-  const res = await fetch(`/api/file/${fileId}/download`, { method: "HEAD" });
   if (!res.ok) {
     throw new Error("Failed to get the file size");
   }
 
   const encContentSize = parseInt(res.headers.get("Content-Length") ?? "0", 10);
-  if (encContentSize <= 0) {
+  await prepareFileDecryption(id, {
-    throw new Error("Invalid file size");
+    isLegacy: !!isLegacy,
-  }
+    dataKey: dataKey.key,
+    encContentSize,
+    contentType,
+  });
+  return getDecryptedFileUrl(id);
+};
 
-  await prepareFileDecryption(fileId, { isLegacy: false, dataKey, encContentSize, contentType });
+export const getFileBlob = async (file: StreamableFile) => {
-  return getDecryptedFileUrl(fileId);
+  const res = await fetch(await getFileStreamUrl(file));
+  if (!res.ok) {
+    throw new Error("Failed to download the file");
+  }
+  return await res.blob();
+};
+
+export const saveFile = async (file: StreamableFile & { name: string }) => {
+  await getFileStreamUrl(file);
+  saveDecryptedFile(file.id, file.name);
 };
 
 export const uploadFileThumbnail = async (fileId: number, thumbnail: Blob, dataKey: DataKey) => {

src/lib/features/filesystem/upload.ts

@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-import { storeFileCache, storeFileThumbnailCache } from "#lib/client/cache/index.js";
+import { storeFileThumbnailCache } from "#lib/client/cache/index.js";
 import { uploadFile as doUploadFile } from "#lib/client/transfer/index.js";
 import { invalidateDirectory } from "./directory";
 
-// Uploads the file and caches it locally. Returns `false` if the upload is canceled.
+// Uploads the file and caches its thumbnail locally. Returns `false` if the upload is canceled.
 export const uploadFile = async (
   file: File,
   parentId: DirectoryId,
@@ -12,9 +12,6 @@ export const uploadFile = async (
   if (!res) return false;
 
   invalidateDirectory(parentId);
-  if (res.fileBuffer) {
-    void storeFileCache(res.fileId, res.fileBuffer);
-  }
   if (res.thumbnailBuffer) {
     void storeFileThumbnailCache(res.fileId, res.thumbnailBuffer);
   }

src/lib/shared/format/index.ts

@@ -1 +1,2 @@
 export * from "./chunk";
+export * from "./stream";

src/lib/shared/format/stream.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+import { decryptChunk } from "#lib/shared/crypto/index.js";
+import type { ByteRange } from "#lib/shared/http.js";
+import { CHUNK_SIZE, ENCRYPTED_CHUNK_SIZE } from "./chunk";
+
+// Accumulates stream pieces and takes them out in fixed sizes without copying them repeatedly
+const createByteQueue = () => {
+  let pieces: Uint8Array[] = [];
+  let size = 0;
+
+  return {
+    get size() {
+      return size;
+    },
+    push(piece: Uint8Array) {
+      pieces.push(piece);
+      size += piece.byteLength;
+    },
+    take(length: number) {
+      const result = new Uint8Array(length);
+      let offset = 0;
+      while (offset < length) {
+        const piece = pieces[0]!;
+        const count = Math.min(piece.byteLength, length - offset);
+        result.set(piece.subarray(0, count), offset);
+        offset += count;
+        if (count === piece.byteLength) {
+          pieces.shift();
+        } else {
+          pieces[0] = piece.subarray(count);
+        }
+      }
+      size -= length;
+      if (size === 0) {
+        pieces = [];
+      }
+      return result;
+    },
+  };
+};
+
+// Decrypts the encrypted chunks covering the plaintext `range` (as returned by
+// `getEncryptedRange`) into the plaintext of the range
+export const createDecryptionStream = ({
+  range,
+  chunkCount,
+  dataKey,
+  isLegacy,
+}: {
+  range: ByteRange;
+  chunkCount: number;
+  dataKey: CryptoKey;
+  isLegacy: boolean;
+}) => {
+  const queue = createByteQueue();
+  let chunkIndex = 0;
+
+  const decryptNextChunk = async (
+    controller: TransformStreamDefaultController<Uint8Array>,
+    encryptedSize: number,
+  ) => {
+    const decrypted = new Uint8Array(await decryptChunk(queue.take(encryptedSize).buffer, dataKey));
+    const isFirst = chunkIndex === 0;
+    const isLast = chunkIndex === chunkCount - 1;
+    chunkIndex++;
+
+    if (isLegacy) {
+      controller.enqueue(decrypted.subarray(range.start, range.end + 1));
+    } else {
+      controller.enqueue(
+        decrypted.subarray(
+          isFirst ? range.start % CHUNK_SIZE : 0,
+          isLast ? (range.end % CHUNK_SIZE) + 1 : decrypted.byteLength,
+        ),
+      );
+    }
+  };
+
+  return new TransformStream<Uint8Array, Uint8Array>({
+    async transform(piece, controller) {
+      queue.push(piece);
+
+      // The last chunk may be shorter, so it is decrypted when the stream ends
+      while (!isLegacy && queue.size >= ENCRYPTED_CHUNK_SIZE && chunkIndex < chunkCount - 1) {
+        await decryptNextChunk(controller, ENCRYPTED_CHUNK_SIZE);
+      }
+    },
+    async flush(controller) {
+      if (chunkIndex === chunkCount - 1 && queue.size > 0) {
+        await decryptNextChunk(controller, queue.size);
+      }
+      if (chunkIndex !== chunkCount || queue.size > 0) {
+        throw new Error("Unexpected size of the encrypted content");
+      }
+    },
+  });
+};

src/lib/shared/serviceWorker.ts

@@ -23,5 +23,15 @@ export interface DecryptionMetadataRequestMessage {
   fileId: number;
 }
 
+// Progress of the whole content of a file being streamed from the server
+export interface DownloadProgressMessage {
+  type: "download-progress";
+  fileId: number;
+  status: "downloading" | "completed" | "canceled" | "error";
+  loaded: number;
+  total: number;
+}
+
 export type ServiceWorkerMessage = DecryptionPrepareMessage;
-export type ServiceWorkerResponse = DecryptionReadyMessage | DecryptionMetadataRequestMessage;
+export type ServiceWorkerResponse =
+  DecryptionReadyMessage | DecryptionMetadataRequestMessage | DownloadProgressMessage;

src/lib/utils/index.ts

@@ -3,3 +3,4 @@ export * from "./format";
 export * from "./gotoStateful";
 export * from "./search";
 export * from "./sort";
+export * from "./speedMeter";

src/lib/utils/speedMeter.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+// Estimates the transfer rate in bytes per second from the total transferred bytes
+export const createSpeedMeter = (timeWindow = 3000, minInterval = 200, warmupPeriod = 500) => {
+  const samples: { t: number; b: number }[] = [];
+  let lastSpeed = 0;
+  let startTime: number | null = null;
+
+  return (bytesNow?: number) => {
+    if (bytesNow === undefined) return lastSpeed;
+
+    const now = performance.now();
+
+    // Initialize start time on first call
+    if (startTime === null) {
+      startTime = now;
+    }
+
+    // Check if enough time has passed since the last sample
+    const lastSample = samples[samples.length - 1];
+    if (lastSample && now - lastSample.t < minInterval) {
+      return lastSpeed;
+    }
+
+    samples.push({ t: now, b: bytesNow });
+
+    // Remove old samples outside the time window
+    const cutoff = now - timeWindow;
+    while (samples.length > 2 && samples[0]!.t < cutoff) samples.shift();
+
+    // Need at least 2 samples to calculate speed
+    if (samples.length < 2) {
+      return lastSpeed;
+    }
+
+    const first = samples[0]!;
+    const dt = now - first.t;
+    const db = bytesNow - first.b;
+
+    if (dt >= minInterval) {
+      const instantSpeed = (db / dt) * 1000;
+      // Apply EMA for smoother speed transitions
+      const alpha = 0.3;
+      const rawSpeed =
+        lastSpeed === 0 ? instantSpeed : alpha * instantSpeed + (1 - alpha) * lastSpeed;
+
+      // Apply warmup ramp to prevent initial overestimation
+      const elapsed = now - startTime;
+      const warmupWeight = Math.min(1, elapsed / warmupPeriod);
+      lastSpeed = rawSpeed * warmupWeight;
+    }
+
+    return lastSpeed;
+  };
+};

src/routes/(fullscreen)/file/[id]/+page.svelte

@@ -1,15 +1,14 @@
 <script lang="ts">
-  import FileSaver from "file-saver";
   import { untrack } from "svelte";
   import { goto } from "$app/navigation";
   import { page } from "$app/state";
   import { captureVideoThumbnail } from "#lib/client/media/thumbnail.js";
+  import { saveDecryptedFile } from "#lib/client/serviceWorker.js";
   import { getFileDownloadState } from "#lib/client/transfer/index.js";
   import { showErrorToast, tryAction } from "#lib/features/errors.js";
   import { Categories } from "#lib/features/filesystem/components/index.js";
   import {
     addFileToCategory,
-    getFileContent,
     getFileStreamUrl,
     removeFileFromCategory,
     setFileFavorite,
@@ -37,29 +36,31 @@
   let isMenuOpen = $state(false);
   let isAddToCategoryBottomSheetOpen = $state(false);
 
-  let isDownloadRequested = $state(false);
+  let isLoadRequested = $state(false);
   let viewerType: "image" | "video" | undefined = $state();
-  let fileBlob: Blob | undefined = $state();
+  let fileUrl: string | undefined = $state();
-  let fileBlobUrl: string | undefined = $state();
+  let convertedImageUrl: string | undefined = $state();
-  let videoStreamUrl: string | undefined = $state();
   let videoElement: HTMLVideoElement | undefined = $state();
 
-  const updateViewer = async (buffer: ArrayBuffer, contentType: string) => {
+  // Chromium can't display HEIC images
-    fileBlob = new Blob([buffer], { type: contentType });
+  const convertHeicToJpeg = async () => {
-    fileBlobUrl = URL.createObjectURL(fileBlob);
+    if (info?.contentType !== "image/heic" || !fileUrl || convertedImageUrl) return;
-    return fileBlob;
+
+    try {
+      const blob = await (await fetch(fileUrl)).blob();
+      const { default: heic2any } = await import("heic2any");
+      convertedImageUrl = URL.createObjectURL(
+        (await heic2any({ blob, toType: "image/jpeg" })) as Blob,
+      );
+    } catch (e) {
+      showErrorToast(e, "이미지를 표시하지 못했어요.");
+    }
   };
 
-  const convertHeicToJpeg = async () => {
+  const saveFile = () => {
-    if (fileBlob?.type !== "image/heic") return;
+    if (info?.exists) {
-
+      saveDecryptedFile(info.id, info.name);
-    URL.revokeObjectURL(fileBlobUrl!);
+    }
-    fileBlobUrl = undefined;
-
-    const { default: heic2any } = await import("heic2any");
-    fileBlobUrl = URL.createObjectURL(
-      (await heic2any({ blob: fileBlob, toType: "image/jpeg" })) as Blob,
-    );
   };
 
   const updateThumbnail = (dataKey: DataKey) =>
@@ -91,16 +92,12 @@
       "즐겨찾기를 변경하지 못했어요.",
     );
 
-  const loadContent = (dataKey: CryptoKey, isLegacy: boolean) =>
-    getFileContent(data.id, dataKey, isLegacy).catch((e) => {
-      showErrorToast(e, "파일을 불러오지 못했어요.");
-      throw e;
-    });
-
   $effect.pre(() => {
     void data.id; // Reset the viewer when navigating to another file
-    isDownloadRequested = false;
+    isLoadRequested = false;
     viewerType = undefined;
+    fileUrl = undefined;
+    convertedImageUrl = undefined;
   });
 
   $effect(() => {
@@ -113,42 +110,26 @@
       }
 
       untrack(() => {
-        if (!downloadState && !isDownloadRequested) {
+        if (isLoadRequested) return;
-          isDownloadRequested = true;
+        isLoadRequested = true;
 
-          const { key } = info!.dataKey!;
+        const isAlreadyDownloading = !!downloadState;
-          const isLegacy = !!info!.isLegacy;
+        getFileStreamUrl(info as FileInfo)
-          if (viewerType === "video" && !isLegacy) {
+          .then((url) => {
-            getFileStreamUrl(data.id, key, contentType)
+            fileUrl = url;
-              .then((streamUrl) => {
+            if (!viewerType && !isAlreadyDownloading) {
-                videoStreamUrl = streamUrl;
+              saveFile();
-              })
+            }
-              .catch(async () => {
+          })
-                // Fall back to downloading the whole file
+          .catch((e) => showErrorToast(e, "파일을 불러오지 못했어요."));
-                await updateViewer(await loadContent(key, isLegacy), contentType);
-              });
-          } else {
-            void loadContent(key, isLegacy).then(async (buffer) => {
-              const blob = await updateViewer(buffer, contentType);
-              if (!viewerType) {
-                FileSaver.saveAs(blob, info!.name);
-              }
-            });
-          }
-        }
       });
     }
   });
 
   $effect(() => {
-    if (info?.exists && downloadState?.status === "decrypted") {
+    const url = convertedImageUrl;
-      untrack(
+    return () => url && URL.revokeObjectURL(url);
-        () => !isDownloadRequested && updateViewer(downloadState.result!, info!.contentType!),
-      );
-    }
   });
-
-  $effect(() => () => fileBlobUrl && URL.revokeObjectURL(fileBlobUrl));
 </script>
 
 <svelte:head>
@@ -172,9 +153,7 @@
       )
         ? info?.parentId
         : undefined}
-      {fileBlob}
+      onDownloadClick={fileUrl ? saveFile : undefined}
-      downloadUrl={videoStreamUrl}
-      filename={info?.name}
       isFavorite={info?.isFavorite}
       onToggleFavorite={toggleFavorite}
     />
@@ -192,16 +171,15 @@
         {/snippet}
 
         {#if viewerType === "image"}
-          {#if fileBlobUrl}
+          {#if fileUrl}
-            <img src={fileBlobUrl} alt={info.name} onerror={convertHeicToJpeg} />
+            <img src={convertedImageUrl ?? fileUrl} alt={info.name} onerror={convertHeicToJpeg} />
           {:else}
             {@render viewerLoading("이미지를 불러오고 있어요.")}
           {/if}
         {:else if viewerType === "video"}
-          {#if videoStreamUrl || fileBlobUrl}
+          {#if fileUrl}
             <div class="flex flex-col space-y-2">
-              <video bind:this={videoElement} src={videoStreamUrl ?? fileBlobUrl} controls muted
+              <video bind:this={videoElement} src={fileUrl} controls muted></video>
-              ></video>
               <IconEntryButton
                 icon={IconCamera}
                 onclick={() => updateThumbnail(info!.dataKey!)}

src/routes/(fullscreen)/file/[id]/DownloadStatus.svelte

@@ -11,22 +11,10 @@
 
 {#if isFileDownloading(state.status)}
   <div class="w-full rounded-xl bg-gray-100 p-3">
-    <p class="font-medium">
+    <p class="font-medium">다운로드하는 중</p>
-      {#if state.status === "download-pending"}
-        다운로드를 기다리는 중
-      {:else if state.status === "downloading"}
-        다운로드하는 중
-      {:else if state.status === "decryption-pending"}
-        복호화를 기다리는 중
-      {:else if state.status === "decrypting"}
-        복호화하는 중
-      {/if}
-    </p>
     <p class="text-xs">
-      {#if state.status === "downloading"}
+      전송됨
-        전송됨
+      {Math.floor((state.progress ?? 0) * 100)}% · {formatNetworkSpeed((state.rate ?? 0) * 8)}
-        {Math.floor((state.progress ?? 0) * 100)}% · {formatNetworkSpeed((state.rate ?? 0) * 8)}
-      {/if}
     </p>
   </div>
 {/if}

src/routes/(fullscreen)/file/[id]/TopBarMenu.svelte

@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 <script lang="ts">
-  import FileSaver from "file-saver";
   import type { Component } from "svelte";
   import type { SvelteHTMLElements } from "svelte/elements";
   import { fly } from "svelte/transition";
@@ -12,39 +11,24 @@
 
   interface Props {
     directoryId?: "root" | number;
-    downloadUrl?: string;
-    fileBlob?: Blob;
-    filename?: string;
     isFavorite?: boolean;
     isOpen: boolean;
+    onDownloadClick?: () => void;
     onToggleFavorite?: () => void;
   }
 
   let {
     directoryId,
-    downloadUrl,
-    fileBlob,
-    filename,
     isFavorite,
     isOpen = $bindable(),
+    onDownloadClick,
     onToggleFavorite,
   }: Props = $props();
-
-  const handleDownload = () => {
-    if (fileBlob && filename) {
-      FileSaver.saveAs(fileBlob, filename);
-    } else if (downloadUrl && filename) {
-      // Use streaming download via Content-Disposition header
-      const url = new URL(downloadUrl, window.location.origin);
-      url.searchParams.set("download", filename);
-      window.open(url.toString(), "_blank");
-    }
-  };
 </script>
 
 <svelte:window onclick={() => (isOpen = false)} />
 
-{#if isOpen && (directoryId || downloadUrl || fileBlob)}
+{#if isOpen && (directoryId || onDownloadClick || isFavorite !== undefined)}
   <div
     class="absolute top-full right-2 z-20 min-w-44 space-y-1 rounded-lg bg-white px-1 py-2 shadow-2xl"
     transition:fly={{ y: -8, duration: 200 }}
@@ -80,8 +64,8 @@
           ),
         )}
       {/if}
-      {#if fileBlob || downloadUrl}
+      {#if onDownloadClick}
-        {@render menuButton(IconCloudDownload, "다운로드", handleDownload)}
+        {@render menuButton(IconCloudDownload, "다운로드", onDownloadClick)}
       {/if}
     </div>
   </div>

src/routes/(fullscreen)/file/downloads/File.svelte

@@ -3,10 +3,7 @@
   import type { SummarizedFileInfo } from "#lib/features/filesystem/index.js";
   import { formatNetworkSpeed } from "#lib/utils/index.js";
 
-  import IconCloud from "~icons/material-symbols/cloud";
   import IconCloudDownload from "~icons/material-symbols/cloud-download";
-  import IconLock from "~icons/material-symbols/lock";
-  import IconLockClock from "~icons/material-symbols/lock-clock";
   import IconCheckCircle from "~icons/material-symbols/check-circle";
   import IconError from "~icons/material-symbols/error";
 
@@ -20,15 +17,9 @@
 
 <div class="flex h-14 items-center gap-x-4 p-2">
   <div class="shrink-0 text-lg text-gray-600">
-    {#if state.status === "download-pending"}
+    {#if state.status === "downloading"}
-      <IconCloud />
-    {:else if state.status === "downloading"}
       <IconCloudDownload />
-    {:else if state.status === "decryption-pending"}
+    {:else if state.status === "completed"}
-      <IconLock />
-    {:else if state.status === "decrypting"}
-      <IconLockClock />
-    {:else if state.status === "decrypted"}
       <IconCheckCircle class="text-green-500" />
     {:else if state.status === "error"}
       <IconError class="text-red-500" />
@@ -39,17 +30,11 @@
       {info.name}
     </p>
     <p class="text-xs text-gray-800">
-      {#if state.status === "download-pending"}
+      {#if state.status === "downloading"}
-        다운로드를 기다리는 중
-      {:else if state.status === "downloading"}
         전송됨
         {Math.floor((state.progress ?? 0) * 100)}% ·
         {formatNetworkSpeed((state.rate ?? 0) * 8)}
-      {:else if state.status === "decryption-pending"}
+      {:else if state.status === "completed"}
-        복호화를 기다리는 중
-      {:else if state.status === "decrypting"}
-        복호화하는 중
-      {:else if state.status === "decrypted"}
         다운로드 완료
       {:else if state.status === "error"}
         다운로드 실패

src/routes/(fullscreen)/settings/cache/+page.svelte

@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@
   };
 
   onMount(async () => {
-    const indexes = getFileCacheIndex();
+    const indexes = await getFileCacheIndex();
     const infos = await bulkGetFileInfo(indexes.map(({ fileId }) => fileId));
     fileCache = indexes
       .map((index) => ({ index, info: infos.get(index.fileId)! }))

src/routes/(fullscreen)/settings/thumbnail/+page.svelte

@@ -21,7 +21,6 @@
 
   const statusTexts = {
     queued: "대기 중",
-    "generation-pending": "준비 중",
     generating: "생성하는 중",
     uploading: "업로드하는 중",
     error: "실패",

src/routes/(fullscreen)/settings/thumbnail/service.ts

@@ -1,19 +1,16 @@
 import { limitFunction } from "p-limit";
 import { SvelteMap } from "svelte/reactivity";
-import { generateThumbnail } from "#lib/client/media/thumbnail.js";
+import { generateThumbnailFromUrl } from "#lib/client/media/thumbnail.js";
 import {
-  getFileContent,
   getFileInfo,
+  getFileStreamUrl,
   uploadFileThumbnail,
   type FileInfo,
 } from "#lib/features/filesystem/index.js";
-import { Scheduler } from "#lib/utils/index.js";
 import type { RouterOutputs } from "#trpc/router.server.js";
 
-export type GenerationStatus =
+export type GenerationStatus = "queued" | "generating" | "uploading" | "uploaded" | "error";
-  "queued" | "generation-pending" | "generating" | "uploading" | "uploaded" | "error";
 
-const scheduler = new Scheduler();
 const statuses = new SvelteMap<number, GenerationStatus>();
 
 export const getThumbnailGenerationStatus = (fileId: number) => {
@@ -37,13 +34,13 @@ export const requestMissingThumbnailFiles = async (
   return files;
 };
 
+// The content is streamed by the service worker, so only the decoded media occupy the memory
 const generateAndUploadThumbnail = limitFunction(
-  async (fileInfo: FileInfo, fileBuffer: ArrayBuffer) => {
+  async (fileInfo: FileInfo) => {
     statuses.set(fileInfo.id, "generating");
 
-    const thumbnail = await generateThumbnail(
+    const url = await getFileStreamUrl(fileInfo);
-      new Blob([fileBuffer], { type: fileInfo.contentType }),
+    const thumbnail = await generateThumbnailFromUrl(url, fileInfo.contentType);
-    );
     if (!thumbnail) {
       throw new Error("Failed to generate thumbnail");
     }
@@ -57,23 +54,11 @@ const generateAndUploadThumbnail = limitFunction(
 
 export const requestThumbnailGeneration = async (fileInfo: FileInfo) => {
   const status = statuses.get(fileInfo.id);
-  if (status) {
+  if (status && status !== "error") return;
-    if (status !== "error") return;
-  } else {
-    statuses.set(fileInfo.id, "queued");
-  }
 
+  statuses.set(fileInfo.id, "queued");
   try {
-    let file: ArrayBuffer | undefined;
+    await generateAndUploadThumbnail(fileInfo);
-
-    await scheduler.schedule(
-      async () => {
-        statuses.set(fileInfo.id, "generation-pending");
-        file = await getFileContent(fileInfo.id, fileInfo.dataKey!.key, !!fileInfo.isLegacy);
-        return file.byteLength;
-      },
-      () => generateAndUploadThumbnail(fileInfo, file!),
-    );
   } catch (e) {
     console.error(e);
     statuses.set(fileInfo.id, "error");

src/service-worker/handlers/decryptFile.ts

@@ -1,8 +1,6 @@
-import { getFile } from "#lib/client/storage/opfs.js";
+import { getFileCache, storeFileCache } from "#lib/client/cache/fileCache.js";
-import { decryptChunk } from "#lib/shared/crypto/index.js";
 import {
-  CHUNK_SIZE,
+  createDecryptionStream,
-  ENCRYPTED_CHUNK_SIZE,
   getDecryptedSize,
   getEncryptedRange,
 } from "#lib/shared/format/index.js";
@@ -15,18 +13,25 @@ import {
 } from "#lib/shared/http.js";
 import { DECRYPTED_FILE_URL_PREFIX, type FileMetadata } from "#lib/shared/serviceWorker.js";
 import { getFileMetadata } from "../modules/metadata";
+import { trackDownloadProgress } from "../modules/progress";
+
+interface StreamRequest {
+  fileId: number;
+  clientId: string;
+  rangeRequest?: RangeRequest;
+  downloadFilename?: string;
+}
 
 const createResponse = (
   stream: ReadableStream<Uint8Array>,
-  isRangeRequest: boolean,
+  { rangeRequest, downloadFilename }: StreamRequest,
   range: ByteRange,
   contentType?: string,
-  downloadFilename?: string,
 ) => {
   const headers: Record<string, string> = {
     "Accept-Ranges": "bytes",
     "Content-Length": String(range.end - range.start + 1),
-    ...(isRangeRequest ? getContentRangeHeader(range) : {}),
+    ...(rangeRequest ? getContentRangeHeader(range) : {}),
   };
 
   if (contentType) {
@@ -39,7 +44,7 @@ const createResponse = (
   }
 
   return new Response(stream, {
-    status: isRangeRequest ? 206 : 200,
+    status: rangeRequest ? 206 : 200,
     headers,
   });
 };
@@ -51,102 +56,58 @@ const createRangeNotSatisfiableResponse = (total: number) => {
   });
 };
 
-const streamFromOpfs = async (
+const streamFromCache = (request: StreamRequest, cache: File, metadata?: FileMetadata) => {
-  file: File,
+  const range = resolveRange(request.rangeRequest, cache.size);
-  metadata?: FileMetadata,
-  rangeRequest?: RangeRequest,
-  downloadFilename?: string,
-) => {
-  const range = resolveRange(rangeRequest, file.size);
   if (!range) {
-    return createRangeNotSatisfiableResponse(file.size);
+    return createRangeNotSatisfiableResponse(cache.size);
   }
 
   return createResponse(
-    file.slice(range.start, range.end + 1).stream(),
+    cache.slice(range.start, range.end + 1).stream(),
-    !!rangeRequest,
+    request,
     range,
     metadata?.contentType,
-    downloadFilename,
   );
 };
 
-const streamFromServer = async (
+const streamFromServer = async (request: StreamRequest, metadata: FileMetadata) => {
-  id: number,
+  const { fileId, clientId, rangeRequest } = request;
-  metadata: FileMetadata,
-  rangeRequest?: RangeRequest,
-  downloadFilename?: string,
-) => {
   const totalSize = getDecryptedSize(metadata.encContentSize, metadata.isLegacy);
   const range = resolveRange(rangeRequest, totalSize);
   if (!range) {
     return createRangeNotSatisfiableResponse(totalSize);
   }
 
-  const { start, end } = range;
+  const encryptedRange = getEncryptedRange(
-  const encryptedRange = getEncryptedRange(start, end, metadata.encContentSize, metadata.isLegacy);
+    range.start,
-  const apiResponse = await fetch(`/api/file/${id}/download`, {
+    range.end,
+    metadata.encContentSize,
+    metadata.isLegacy,
+  );
+  const apiResponse = await fetch(`/api/file/${fileId}/download`, {
     headers: { Range: `bytes=${encryptedRange.start}-${encryptedRange.end}` },
   });
   if (apiResponse.status !== 206 || !apiResponse.body) {
     return new Response("Failed to fetch encrypted file", { status: 502 });
   }
 
-  if (metadata.isLegacy) {
+  let stream = apiResponse.body.pipeThrough(
-    const fileEncrypted = await apiResponse.arrayBuffer();
+    createDecryptionStream({
-    const decrypted = await decryptChunk(fileEncrypted, metadata.dataKey);
-    return createResponse(
-      new ReadableStream<Uint8Array>({
-        start(controller) {
-          controller.enqueue(new Uint8Array(decrypted.slice(start, end + 1)));
-          controller.close();
-        },
-      }),
-      !!rangeRequest,
       range,
-      metadata.contentType,
+      chunkCount: encryptedRange.lastChunkIndex - encryptedRange.firstChunkIndex + 1,
-      downloadFilename,
+      dataKey: metadata.dataKey,
-    );
+      isLegacy: metadata.isLegacy,
+    }),
+  );
+
+  // Cache and report the progress only when the whole content is requested (i.e. not seeking)
+  if (!rangeRequest) {
+    const [responseStream, cacheStream] = stream.tee();
+    storeFileCache(fileId, cacheStream).catch(console.error);
+    stream = trackDownloadProgress(responseStream, fileId, totalSize, clientId);
   }
 
-  const totalChunks = encryptedRange.lastChunkIndex - encryptedRange.firstChunkIndex + 1;
+  return createResponse(stream, request, range, metadata.contentType);
-  let currentChunkIndex = 0;
-  let buffer = new Uint8Array(0);
-
-  const decryptingStream = new TransformStream<Uint8Array, Uint8Array>({
-    async transform(chunk, controller) {
-      const newBuffer = new Uint8Array(buffer.length + chunk.length);
-      newBuffer.set(buffer);
-      newBuffer.set(chunk, buffer.length);
-      buffer = newBuffer;
-
-      while (buffer.length >= ENCRYPTED_CHUNK_SIZE && currentChunkIndex < totalChunks - 1) {
-        const encryptedChunk = buffer.slice(0, ENCRYPTED_CHUNK_SIZE);
-        buffer = buffer.slice(ENCRYPTED_CHUNK_SIZE);
-
-        const decrypted = await decryptChunk(encryptedChunk.buffer, metadata.dataKey);
-        const sliceStart = currentChunkIndex === 0 ? start % CHUNK_SIZE : 0;
-        controller.enqueue(new Uint8Array(decrypted.slice(sliceStart)));
-        currentChunkIndex++;
-      }
-    },
-    async flush(controller) {
-      if (buffer.length > 0) {
-        const decrypted = await decryptChunk(buffer.buffer, metadata.dataKey);
-        const sliceStart = currentChunkIndex === 0 ? start % CHUNK_SIZE : 0;
-        const sliceEnd = (end % CHUNK_SIZE) + 1;
-        controller.enqueue(new Uint8Array(decrypted.slice(sliceStart, sliceEnd)));
-      }
-    },
-  });
-
-  return createResponse(
-    apiResponse.body.pipeThrough(decryptingStream),
-    !!rangeRequest,
-    range,
-    metadata.contentType,
-    downloadFilename,
-  );
 };
 
 const decryptFileHandler = async (request: Request, clientId: string) => {
@@ -156,14 +117,18 @@ const decryptFileHandler = async (request: Request, clientId: string) => {
     return new Response("Invalid file id", { status: 400 });
   }
 
-  const downloadFilename = url.searchParams.get("download") ?? undefined;
+  const streamRequest: StreamRequest = {
+    fileId,
+    clientId,
+    rangeRequest: parseRangeHeader(request.headers.get("Range")),
+    downloadFilename: url.searchParams.get("download") ?? undefined,
+  };
   const metadata = await getFileMetadata(fileId, clientId);
-  const range = parseRangeHeader(request.headers.get("Range"));
+  const cache = await getFileCache(fileId);
-  const cache = await getFile(`/cache/${fileId}`);
   if (cache) {
-    return streamFromOpfs(cache, metadata, range, downloadFilename);
+    return streamFromCache(streamRequest, cache, metadata);
   } else if (metadata) {
-    return streamFromServer(fileId, metadata, range, downloadFilename);
+    return streamFromServer(streamRequest, metadata);
   } else {
     return new Response("Decryption not prepared", { status: 400 });
   }

src/service-worker/modules/clients.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+import { self } from "$app/service-worker";
+import type { ServiceWorkerResponse } from "#lib/shared/serviceWorker.js";
+
+// Posts the message to the client that made the request, or to all windows if unknown
+// (e.g. downloads by navigation)
+export const notifyClients = async (clientId: string, message: ServiceWorkerResponse) => {
+  const client = clientId ? await self.clients.get(clientId) : undefined;
+  const clients = client ? [client] : await self.clients.matchAll({ type: "window" });
+  clients.forEach((client) => client.postMessage(message));
+};

src/service-worker/modules/progress.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+import type { DownloadProgressMessage } from "#lib/shared/serviceWorker.js";
+import { notifyClients } from "./clients";
+
+const REPORT_INTERVAL_MS = 200;
+
+// Reports the progress of reading the stream to the clients
+export const trackDownloadProgress = (
+  stream: ReadableStream<Uint8Array>,
+  fileId: number,
+  total: number,
+  clientId: string,
+) => {
+  const reader = stream.getReader();
+  let loaded = 0;
+  let lastReportedAt = 0;
+
+  const report = (status: DownloadProgressMessage["status"]) => {
+    lastReportedAt = Date.now();
+    void notifyClients(clientId, { type: "download-progress", fileId, status, loaded, total });
+  };
+
+  report("downloading");
+  return new ReadableStream<Uint8Array>({
+    async pull(controller) {
+      try {
+        const { done, value } = await reader.read();
+        if (done) {
+          report("completed");
+          controller.close();
+          return;
+        }
+
+        loaded += value.byteLength;
+        if (Date.now() - lastReportedAt >= REPORT_INTERVAL_MS) {
+          report("downloading");
+        }
+        controller.enqueue(value);
+      } catch (e) {
+        report("error");
+        controller.error(e);
+      }
+    },
+    async cancel(reason) {
+      report("canceled");
+      await reader.cancel(reason);
+    },
+  });
+};

tests/unit/decryptionStream.test.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,103 @@
+import { describe, expect, it } from "vitest";
+import { encryptChunk, generateDataKey } from "#lib/shared/crypto/index.js";
+import {
+  CHUNK_SIZE,
+  createDecryptionStream,
+  getEncryptedRange,
+  getEncryptedSize,
+} from "#lib/shared/format/index.js";
+import { concatenateBuffers } from "#lib/shared/crypto/index.js";
+
+const plaintext = Uint8Array.from({ length: 2 * CHUNK_SIZE + 12345 }, (_, i) => (i * 7) % 251);
+
+// `toEqual` is too slow for large arrays
+const expectBytes = (actual: Uint8Array, expected: Uint8Array) => {
+  expect(actual.byteLength).toBe(expected.byteLength);
+  expect(Buffer.from(actual).equals(Buffer.from(expected))).toBe(true);
+};
+
+const encrypt = async (data: Uint8Array, dataKey: CryptoKey, chunkSize = CHUNK_SIZE) => {
+  const chunks: ArrayBuffer[] = [];
+  for (let offset = 0; offset < data.byteLength; offset += chunkSize) {
+    chunks.push(await encryptChunk(data.slice(offset, offset + chunkSize).buffer, dataKey));
+  }
+  return concatenateBuffers(...chunks);
+};
+
+// Feeds the input in pieces of irregular sizes like a network stream
+const toStream = (data: Uint8Array) =>
+  new ReadableStream<Uint8Array>({
+    start(controller) {
+      let offset = 0;
+      for (let i = 0; offset < data.byteLength; i++) {
+        const size = [1, 1000, 65536, 3_000_000][i % 4]!;
+        controller.enqueue(data.slice(offset, offset + size));
+        offset += size;
+      }
+      controller.close();
+    },
+  });
+
+const decrypt = async (
+  encrypted: Uint8Array,
+  dataKey: CryptoKey,
+  start: number,
+  end: number,
+  isLegacy = false,
+) => {
+  const encryptedRange = getEncryptedRange(start, end, encrypted.byteLength, isLegacy);
+  const stream = toStream(
+    encrypted.slice(encryptedRange.start, encryptedRange.end + 1),
+  ).pipeThrough(
+    createDecryptionStream({
+      range: { start, end, total: plaintext.byteLength },
+      chunkCount: encryptedRange.lastChunkIndex - encryptedRange.firstChunkIndex + 1,
+      dataKey,
+      isLegacy,
+    }),
+  );
+  return new Uint8Array(await new Response(stream).arrayBuffer());
+};
+
+describe("createDecryptionStream", async () => {
+  const { dataKey } = await generateDataKey();
+  const encrypted = await encrypt(plaintext, dataKey);
+
+  it("produces encrypted content of the expected size", () => {
+    expect(encrypted.byteLength).toBe(getEncryptedSize(plaintext.byteLength));
+  });
+
+  it.each([
+    [0, plaintext.byteLength - 1],
+    [0, 0],
+    [10, 20],
+    [CHUNK_SIZE - 5, CHUNK_SIZE + 5],
+    [CHUNK_SIZE, 2 * CHUNK_SIZE - 1],
+    [CHUNK_SIZE + 1, plaintext.byteLength - 1],
+    [plaintext.byteLength - 1, plaintext.byteLength - 1],
+  ])("decrypts the range %i-%i", async (start, end) => {
+    expectBytes(await decrypt(encrypted, dataKey, start, end), plaintext.slice(start, end + 1));
+  });
+
+  it("decrypts ranges of legacy files", async () => {
+    const legacyEncrypted = await encrypt(plaintext, dataKey, plaintext.byteLength);
+
+    expectBytes(
+      await decrypt(legacyEncrypted, dataKey, 100, CHUNK_SIZE + 100, true),
+      plaintext.slice(100, CHUNK_SIZE + 101),
+    );
+  });
+
+  it("rejects truncated content", async () => {
+    const stream = toStream(encrypted.slice(0, CHUNK_SIZE)).pipeThrough(
+      createDecryptionStream({
+        range: { start: 0, end: plaintext.byteLength - 1, total: plaintext.byteLength },
+        chunkCount: 3,
+        dataKey,
+        isLegacy: false,
+      }),
+    );
+
+    await expect(new Response(stream).arrayBuffer()).rejects.toThrow();
+  });
+});