Merge pull request #242 from AnHaechan/main

Merge from cs220-private + Update info on safe exam browser, ChatGPT

Cargo.lock

@@ -3,10 +3,68 @@
 version = 3
 
 [[package]]
-name = "anyhow"
+name = "anstream"
-version = "1.0.66"
+version = "0.3.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "216261ddc8289130e551ddcd5ce8a064710c0d064a4d2895c67151c92b5443f6"
+checksum = "0ca84f3628370c59db74ee214b3263d58f9aadd9b4fe7e711fd87dc452b7f163"
+dependencies = [
+ "anstyle",
+ "anstyle-parse",
+ "anstyle-query",
+ "anstyle-wincon",
+ "colorchoice",
+ "is-terminal",
+ "utf8parse",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "anstyle"
+version = "1.0.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "3a30da5c5f2d5e72842e00bcb57657162cdabef0931f40e2deb9b4140440cecd"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "anstyle-parse"
+version = "0.2.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "938874ff5980b03a87c5524b3ae5b59cf99b1d6bc836848df7bc5ada9643c333"
+dependencies = [
+ "utf8parse",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "anstyle-query"
+version = "1.0.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "5ca11d4be1bab0c8bc8734a9aa7bf4ee8316d462a08c6ac5052f888fef5b494b"
+dependencies = [
+ "windows-sys",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "anstyle-wincon"
+version = "1.0.2"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "c677ab05e09154296dd37acecd46420c17b9713e8366facafa8fc0885167cf4c"
+dependencies = [
+ "anstyle",
+ "windows-sys",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "anyhow"
+version = "1.0.75"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "a4668cab20f66d8d020e1fbc0ebe47217433c1b6c8f2040faf858554e394ace6"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "approx"
+version = "0.5.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "cab112f0a86d568ea0e627cc1d6be74a1e9cd55214684db5561995f6dad897c6"
+dependencies = [
+ "num-traits",
+]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "autocfg"
@@ -16,24 +74,27 @@ checksum = "d468802bab17cbc0cc575e9b053f41e72aa36bfa6b7f55e3529ffa43161b97fa"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "bitflags"
-version = "1.3.2"
+version = "2.4.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "bef38d45163c2f1dde094a7dfd33ccf595c92905c8f8f4fdc18d06fb1037718a"
+checksum = "b4682ae6287fcf752ecaabbfcc7b6f9b72aa33933dc23a554d853aea8eea8635"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "block-buffer"
-version = "0.10.3"
+version = "0.10.4"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "69cce20737498f97b993470a6e536b8523f0af7892a4f928cceb1ac5e52ebe7e"
+checksum = "3078c7629b62d3f0439517fa394996acacc5cbc91c5a20d8c658e77abd503a71"
 dependencies = [
  "generic-array",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "cc"
-version = "1.0.77"
+version = "1.0.83"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "e9f73505338f7d905b19d18738976aae232eb46b8efc15554ffc56deb5d9ebe4"
+checksum = "f1174fb0b6ec23863f8b971027804a42614e347eafb0a95bf0b12cdae21fc4d0"
+dependencies = [
+ "libc",
+]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "cfg-if"
@@ -43,55 +104,65 @@ checksum = "baf1de4339761588bc0619e3cbc0120ee582ebb74b53b4efbf79117bd2da40fd"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "clap"
-version = "4.0.29"
+version = "4.3.23"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "4d63b9e9c07271b9957ad22c173bae2a4d9a81127680962039296abcd2f8251d"
+checksum = "03aef18ddf7d879c15ce20f04826ef8418101c7e528014c3eeea13321047dca3"
 dependencies = [
- "bitflags",
+ "clap_builder",
  "clap_derive",
- "clap_lex",
- "is-terminal",
  "once_cell",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "clap_builder"
+version = "4.3.23"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "f8ce6fffb678c9b80a70b6b6de0aad31df727623a70fd9a842c30cd573e2fa98"
+dependencies = [
+ "anstream",
+ "anstyle",
+ "clap_lex",
  "strsim",
- "termcolor",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "clap_derive"
-version = "4.0.21"
+version = "4.3.12"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "0177313f9f02afc995627906bbd8967e2be069f5261954222dac78290c2b9014"
+checksum = "54a9bb5758fc5dfe728d1019941681eccaf0cf8a4189b692a0ee2f2ecf90a050"
 dependencies = [
  "heck",
- "proc-macro-error",
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn",
+ "syn 2.0.29",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "clap_lex"
-version = "0.3.0"
+version = "0.5.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "0d4198f73e42b4936b35b5bb248d81d2b595ecb170da0bac7655c54eedfa8da8"
+checksum = "2da6da31387c7e4ef160ffab6d5e7f00c42626fe39aea70a7b0f1773f7dd6c1b"
-dependencies = [
+
- "os_str_bytes",
+[[package]]
-]
+name = "colorchoice"
+version = "1.0.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "acbf1af155f9b9ef647e42cdc158db4b64a1b61f743629225fde6f3e0be2a7c7"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "cpufeatures"
-version = "0.2.5"
+version = "0.2.9"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "28d997bd5e24a5928dd43e46dc529867e207907fe0b239c3477d924f7f2ca320"
+checksum = "a17b76ff3a4162b0b27f354a0c87015ddad39d35f9c0c36607a3bdd175dde1f1"
 dependencies = [
  "libc",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "crossbeam-channel"
-version = "0.5.6"
+version = "0.5.8"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "c2dd04ddaf88237dc3b8d8f9a3c1004b506b54b3313403944054d23c0870c521"
+checksum = "a33c2bf77f2df06183c3aa30d1e96c0695a313d4f9c453cc3762a6db39f99200"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "crossbeam-utils",
@@ -99,9 +170,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "crossbeam-deque"
-version = "0.8.2"
+version = "0.8.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "715e8152b692bba2d374b53d4875445368fdf21a94751410af607a5ac677d1fc"
+checksum = "ce6fd6f855243022dcecf8702fef0c297d4338e226845fe067f6341ad9fa0cef"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "crossbeam-epoch",
@@ -110,9 +181,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "crossbeam-epoch"
-version = "0.9.13"
+version = "0.9.15"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "01a9af1f4c2ef74bb8aa1f7e19706bc72d03598c8a570bb5de72243c7a9d9d5a"
+checksum = "ae211234986c545741a7dc064309f67ee1e5ad243d0e48335adc0484d960bcc7"
 dependencies = [
  "autocfg",
  "cfg-if",
@@ -123,9 +194,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "crossbeam-utils"
-version = "0.8.14"
+version = "0.8.16"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "4fb766fa798726286dbbb842f174001dab8abc7b627a1dd86e0b7222a95d929f"
+checksum = "5a22b2d63d4d1dc0b7f1b6b2747dd0088008a9be28b6ddf0b1e7d335e3037294"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
 ]
@@ -145,21 +216,27 @@ name = "cs220"
 version = "0.1.0"
 dependencies = [
  "anyhow",
+ "approx",
  "clap",
  "etrace",
  "itertools",
  "lazy_static",
+ "ndarray",
+ "ndarray-rand",
  "ntest",
+ "num-traits",
  "pest",
  "pest_derive",
+ "rand",
  "rayon",
+ "thiserror",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "digest"
-version = "0.10.6"
+version = "0.10.7"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "8168378f4e5023e7218c89c891c0fd8ecdb5e5e4f18cb78f38cf245dd021e76f"
+checksum = "9ed9a281f7bc9b7576e61468ba615a66a5c8cfdff42420a70aa82701a3b1e292"
 dependencies = [
  "block-buffer",
  "crypto-common",
@@ -167,19 +244,25 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "either"
-version = "1.8.0"
+version = "1.9.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "90e5c1c8368803113bf0c9584fc495a58b86dc8a29edbf8fe877d21d9507e797"
+checksum = "a26ae43d7bcc3b814de94796a5e736d4029efb0ee900c12e2d54c993ad1a1e07"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "equivalent"
+version = "1.0.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "5443807d6dff69373d433ab9ef5378ad8df50ca6298caf15de6e52e24aaf54d5"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "errno"
-version = "0.2.8"
+version = "0.3.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "f639046355ee4f37944e44f60642c6f3a7efa3cf6b78c78a0d989a8ce6c396a1"
+checksum = "6b30f669a7961ef1631673d2766cc92f52d64f7ef354d4fe0ddfd30ed52f0f4f"
 dependencies = [
  "errno-dragonfly",
  "libc",
- "winapi",
+ "windows-sys",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -200,65 +283,69 @@ checksum = "f17311e68ea07046ee809b8513f6c259518bc10173681d98c21f8c3926f56f40"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "generic-array"
-version = "0.14.6"
+version = "0.14.7"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "bff49e947297f3312447abdca79f45f4738097cc82b06e72054d2223f601f1b9"
+checksum = "85649ca51fd72272d7821adaf274ad91c288277713d9c18820d8499a7ff69e9a"
 dependencies = [
  "typenum",
  "version_check",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "getrandom"
+version = "0.2.10"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "be4136b2a15dd319360be1c07d9933517ccf0be8f16bf62a3bee4f0d618df427"
+dependencies = [
+ "cfg-if",
+ "libc",
+ "wasi",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "hashbrown"
+version = "0.14.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "2c6201b9ff9fd90a5a3bac2e56a830d0caa509576f0e503818ee82c181b3437a"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "heck"
-version = "0.4.0"
+version = "0.4.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "2540771e65fc8cb83cd6e8a237f70c319bd5c29f78ed1084ba5d50eeac86f7f9"
+checksum = "95505c38b4572b2d910cecb0281560f54b440a19336cbbcb27bf6ce6adc6f5a8"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "hermit-abi"
-version = "0.1.19"
+version = "0.3.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "62b467343b94ba476dcb2500d242dadbb39557df889310ac77c5d99100aaac33"
+checksum = "443144c8cdadd93ebf52ddb4056d257f5b52c04d3c804e657d19eb73fc33668b"
-dependencies = [
- "libc",
-]
 
 [[package]]
-name = "hermit-abi"
+name = "indexmap"
-version = "0.2.6"
+version = "2.0.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "ee512640fe35acbfb4bb779db6f0d80704c2cacfa2e39b601ef3e3f47d1ae4c7"
+checksum = "d5477fe2230a79769d8dc68e0eabf5437907c0457a5614a9e8dddb67f65eb65d"
 dependencies = [
- "libc",
+ "equivalent",
-]
+ "hashbrown",
-
-[[package]]
-name = "io-lifetimes"
-version = "1.0.3"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "46112a93252b123d31a119a8d1a1ac19deac4fac6e0e8b0df58f0d4e5870e63c"
-dependencies = [
- "libc",
- "windows-sys",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "is-terminal"
-version = "0.4.1"
+version = "0.4.9"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "927609f78c2913a6f6ac3c27a4fe87f43e2a35367c0c4b0f8265e8f49a104330"
+checksum = "cb0889898416213fab133e1d33a0e5858a48177452750691bde3666d0fdbaf8b"
 dependencies = [
- "hermit-abi 0.2.6",
+ "hermit-abi",
- "io-lifetimes",
  "rustix",
  "windows-sys",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "itertools"
-version = "0.10.5"
+version = "0.11.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "b0fd2260e829bddf4cb6ea802289de2f86d6a7a690192fbe91b3f46e0f2c8473"
+checksum = "b1c173a5686ce8bfa551b3563d0c2170bf24ca44da99c7ca4bfdab5418c3fe57"
 dependencies = [
  "either",
 ]
@@ -271,25 +358,71 @@ checksum = "e2abad23fbc42b3700f2f279844dc832adb2b2eb069b2df918f455c4e18cc646"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "libc"
-version = "0.2.138"
+version = "0.2.147"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "db6d7e329c562c5dfab7a46a2afabc8b987ab9a4834c9d1ca04dc54c1546cef8"
+checksum = "b4668fb0ea861c1df094127ac5f1da3409a82116a4ba74fca2e58ef927159bb3"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "libm"
+version = "0.2.7"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "f7012b1bbb0719e1097c47611d3898568c546d597c2e74d66f6087edd5233ff4"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "linux-raw-sys"
-version = "0.1.3"
+version = "0.4.5"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "8f9f08d8963a6c613f4b1a78f4f4a4dbfadf8e6545b2d72861731e4858b8b47f"
+checksum = "57bcfdad1b858c2db7c38303a6d2ad4dfaf5eb53dfeb0910128b2c26d6158503"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "matrixmultiply"
+version = "0.3.7"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "090126dc04f95dc0d1c1c91f61bdd474b3930ca064c1edc8a849da2c6cbe1e77"
+dependencies = [
+ "autocfg",
+ "rawpointer",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "memchr"
+version = "2.5.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "2dffe52ecf27772e601905b7522cb4ef790d2cc203488bbd0e2fe85fcb74566d"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "memoffset"
-version = "0.7.1"
+version = "0.9.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "5de893c32cde5f383baa4c04c5d6dbdd735cfd4a794b0debdb2bb1b421da5ff4"
+checksum = "5a634b1c61a95585bd15607c6ab0c4e5b226e695ff2800ba0cdccddf208c406c"
 dependencies = [
  "autocfg",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "ndarray"
+version = "0.15.6"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "adb12d4e967ec485a5f71c6311fe28158e9d6f4bc4a447b474184d0f91a8fa32"
+dependencies = [
+ "matrixmultiply",
+ "num-complex",
+ "num-integer",
+ "num-traits",
+ "rawpointer",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "ndarray-rand"
+version = "0.14.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "65608f937acc725f5b164dcf40f4f0bc5d67dc268ab8a649d3002606718c4588"
+dependencies = [
+ "ndarray",
+ "rand",
+ "rand_distr",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "ntest"
 version = "0.9.0"
@@ -308,7 +441,7 @@ checksum = "be7d33be719c6f4d09e64e27c1ef4e73485dc4cc1f4d22201f89860a7fe22e22"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn",
+ "syn 1.0.109",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -320,36 +453,59 @@ dependencies = [
  "proc-macro-crate",
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn",
+ "syn 1.0.109",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "num-complex"
+version = "0.4.4"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "1ba157ca0885411de85d6ca030ba7e2a83a28636056c7c699b07c8b6f7383214"
+dependencies = [
+ "num-traits",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "num-integer"
+version = "0.1.45"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "225d3389fb3509a24c93f5c29eb6bde2586b98d9f016636dff58d7c6f7569cd9"
+dependencies = [
+ "autocfg",
+ "num-traits",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "num-traits"
+version = "0.2.16"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "f30b0abd723be7e2ffca1272140fac1a2f084c77ec3e123c192b66af1ee9e6c2"
+dependencies = [
+ "autocfg",
+ "libm",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "num_cpus"
-version = "1.14.0"
+version = "1.16.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "f6058e64324c71e02bc2b150e4f3bc8286db6c83092132ffa3f6b1eab0f9def5"
+checksum = "4161fcb6d602d4d2081af7c3a45852d875a03dd337a6bfdd6e06407b61342a43"
 dependencies = [
- "hermit-abi 0.1.19",
+ "hermit-abi",
  "libc",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "once_cell"
-version = "1.16.0"
+version = "1.18.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "86f0b0d4bf799edbc74508c1e8bf170ff5f41238e5f8225603ca7caaae2b7860"
+checksum = "dd8b5dd2ae5ed71462c540258bedcb51965123ad7e7ccf4b9a8cafaa4a63576d"
-
-[[package]]
-name = "os_str_bytes"
-version = "6.4.1"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "9b7820b9daea5457c9f21c69448905d723fbd21136ccf521748f23fd49e723ee"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "pest"
-version = "2.5.1"
+version = "2.7.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "cc8bed3549e0f9b0a2a78bf7c0018237a2cdf085eecbbc048e52612438e4e9d0"
+checksum = "1acb4a4365a13f749a93f1a094a7805e5cfa0955373a9de860d962eaa3a5fe5a"
 dependencies = [
  "thiserror",
  "ucd-trie",
@@ -357,9 +513,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "pest_derive"
-version = "2.5.1"
+version = "2.7.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "cdc078600d06ff90d4ed238f0119d84ab5d43dbaad278b0e33a8820293b32344"
+checksum = "666d00490d4ac815001da55838c500eafb0320019bbaa44444137c48b443a853"
 dependencies = [
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  "pest_generator",
@@ -367,97 +523,123 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "pest_generator"
-version = "2.5.1"
+version = "2.7.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "28a1af60b1c4148bb269006a750cff8e2ea36aff34d2d96cf7be0b14d1bed23c"
+checksum = "68ca01446f50dbda87c1786af8770d535423fa8a53aec03b8f4e3d7eb10e0929"
 dependencies = [
  "pest",
  "pest_meta",
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn",
+ "syn 2.0.29",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "pest_meta"
-version = "2.5.1"
+version = "2.7.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "fec8605d59fc2ae0c6c1aefc0c7c7a9769732017c0ce07f7a9cfffa7b4404f20"
+checksum = "56af0a30af74d0445c0bf6d9d051c979b516a1a5af790d251daee76005420a48"
 dependencies = [
  "once_cell",
  "pest",
- "sha1",
+ "sha2",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "ppv-lite86"
+version = "0.2.17"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "5b40af805b3121feab8a3c29f04d8ad262fa8e0561883e7653e024ae4479e6de"
+
 [[package]]
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+checksum = "7f4c021e1093a56626774e81216a4ce732a735e5bad4868a03f3ed65ca0c3919"
 dependencies = [
  "once_cell",
- "thiserror",
+ "toml_edit",
- "toml",
-]
-
-[[package]]
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-version = "1.0.4"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
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- "quote",
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-dependencies = [
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- "quote",
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 [[package]]
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-checksum = "5ea3d908b0e36316caf9e9e2c4625cdde190a7e6f440d794667ed17a1855e725"
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 [[package]]
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+checksum = "5267fca4496028628a95160fc423a33e8b2e6af8a5302579e322e4b520293cae"
 dependencies = [
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 [[package]]
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-checksum = "1e060280438193c554f654141c9ea9417886713b7acd75974c85b18a69a88e0b"
+checksum = "34af8d1a0e25924bc5b7c43c079c942339d8f0a8b57c39049bef581b46327404"
+dependencies = [
+ "libc",
+ "rand_chacha",
+ "rand_core",
+]
+
+[[package]]
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+version = "0.3.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "e6c10a63a0fa32252be49d21e7709d4d4baf8d231c2dbce1eaa8141b9b127d88"
+dependencies = [
+ "ppv-lite86",
+ "rand_core",
+]
+
+[[package]]
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+version = "0.6.4"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "ec0be4795e2f6a28069bec0b5ff3e2ac9bafc99e6a9a7dc3547996c5c816922c"
+dependencies = [
+ "getrandom",
+]
+
+[[package]]
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+version = "0.4.3"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "32cb0b9bc82b0a0876c2dd994a7e7a2683d3e7390ca40e6886785ef0c7e3ee31"
+dependencies = [
+ "num-traits",
+ "rand",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "rawpointer"
+version = "0.2.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "60a357793950651c4ed0f3f52338f53b2f809f32d83a07f72909fa13e4c6c1e3"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "rayon"
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+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "1d2df5196e37bcc87abebc0053e20787d73847bb33134a69841207dd0a47f03b"
 dependencies = [
- "crossbeam-deque",
  "either",
  "rayon-core",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "rayon-core"
-version = "1.10.1"
+version = "1.11.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "cac410af5d00ab6884528b4ab69d1e8e146e8d471201800fa1b4524126de6ad3"
+checksum = "4b8f95bd6966f5c87776639160a66bd8ab9895d9d4ab01ddba9fc60661aebe8d"
 dependencies = [
  "crossbeam-channel",
  "crossbeam-deque",
@@ -467,13 +649,12 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "rustix"
-version = "0.36.4"
+version = "0.38.8"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "cb93e85278e08bb5788653183213d3a60fc242b10cb9be96586f5a73dcb67c23"
+checksum = "19ed4fa021d81c8392ce04db050a3da9a60299050b7ae1cf482d862b54a7218f"
 dependencies = [
  "bitflags",
  "errno",
- "io-lifetimes",
  "libc",
  "linux-raw-sys",
  "windows-sys",
@@ -481,21 +662,15 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "scopeguard"
-version = "1.1.0"
+version = "1.2.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "d29ab0c6d3fc0ee92fe66e2d99f700eab17a8d57d1c1d3b748380fb20baa78cd"
+checksum = "94143f37725109f92c262ed2cf5e59bce7498c01bcc1502d7b9afe439a4e9f49"
 
 [[package]]
-name = "serde"
+name = "sha2"
-version = "1.0.149"
+version = "0.10.7"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "256b9932320c590e707b94576e3cc1f7c9024d0ee6612dfbcf1cb106cbe8e055"
+checksum = "479fb9d862239e610720565ca91403019f2f00410f1864c5aa7479b950a76ed8"
-
-[[package]]
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-version = "0.10.5"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "f04293dc80c3993519f2d7f6f511707ee7094fe0c6d3406feb330cdb3540eba3"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "cpufeatures",
@@ -510,9 +685,9 @@ checksum = "73473c0e59e6d5812c5dfe2a064a6444949f089e20eec9a2e5506596494e4623"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "syn"
-version = "1.0.105"
+version = "1.0.109"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "60b9b43d45702de4c839cb9b51d9f529c5dd26a4aff255b42b1ebc03e88ee908"
+checksum = "72b64191b275b66ffe2469e8af2c1cfe3bafa67b529ead792a6d0160888b4237"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
@@ -520,60 +695,76 @@ dependencies = [
 ]
 
 [[package]]
-name = "termcolor"
+name = "syn"
-version = "1.1.3"
+version = "2.0.29"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "bab24d30b911b2376f3a13cc2cd443142f0c81dda04c118693e35b3835757755"
+checksum = "c324c494eba9d92503e6f1ef2e6df781e78f6a7705a0202d9801b198807d518a"
 dependencies = [
- "winapi-util",
+ "proc-macro2",
+ "quote",
+ "unicode-ident",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "thiserror"
-version = "1.0.37"
+version = "1.0.47"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "10deb33631e3c9018b9baf9dcbbc4f737320d2b576bac10f6aefa048fa407e3e"
+checksum = "97a802ec30afc17eee47b2855fc72e0c4cd62be9b4efe6591edde0ec5bd68d8f"
 dependencies = [
  "thiserror-impl",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "thiserror-impl"
-version = "1.0.37"
+version = "1.0.47"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "982d17546b47146b28f7c22e3d08465f6b8903d0ea13c1660d9d84a6e7adcdbb"
+checksum = "6bb623b56e39ab7dcd4b1b98bb6c8f8d907ed255b18de254088016b27a8ee19b"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn",
+ "syn 2.0.29",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
-name = "toml"
+name = "toml_datetime"
-version = "0.5.9"
+version = "0.6.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "8d82e1a7758622a465f8cee077614c73484dac5b836c02ff6a40d5d1010324d7"
+checksum = "7cda73e2f1397b1262d6dfdcef8aafae14d1de7748d66822d3bfeeb6d03e5e4b"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "toml_edit"
+version = "0.19.14"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "f8123f27e969974a3dfba720fdb560be359f57b44302d280ba72e76a74480e8a"
 dependencies = [
- "serde",
+ "indexmap",
+ "toml_datetime",
+ "winnow",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "typenum"
-version = "1.15.0"
+version = "1.16.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "dcf81ac59edc17cc8697ff311e8f5ef2d99fcbd9817b34cec66f90b6c3dfd987"
+checksum = "497961ef93d974e23eb6f433eb5fe1b7930b659f06d12dec6fc44a8f554c0bba"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "ucd-trie"
-version = "0.1.5"
+version = "0.1.6"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "9e79c4d996edb816c91e4308506774452e55e95c3c9de07b6729e17e15a5ef81"
+checksum = "ed646292ffc8188ef8ea4d1e0e0150fb15a5c2e12ad9b8fc191ae7a8a7f3c4b9"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "unicode-ident"
-version = "1.0.5"
+version = "1.0.11"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "6ceab39d59e4c9499d4e5a8ee0e2735b891bb7308ac83dfb4e80cad195c9f6f3"
+checksum = "301abaae475aa91687eb82514b328ab47a211a533026cb25fc3e519b86adfc3c"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "utf8parse"
+version = "0.2.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "711b9620af191e0cdc7468a8d14e709c3dcdb115b36f838e601583af800a370a"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "version_check"
@@ -582,41 +773,25 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "49874b5167b65d7193b8aba1567f5c7d93d001cafc34600cee003eda787e483f"
 
 [[package]]
-name = "winapi"
+name = "wasi"
-version = "0.3.9"
+version = "0.11.0+wasi-snapshot-preview1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "5c839a674fcd7a98952e593242ea400abe93992746761e38641405d28b00f419"
+checksum = "9c8d87e72b64a3b4db28d11ce29237c246188f4f51057d65a7eab63b7987e423"
-dependencies = [
- "winapi-i686-pc-windows-gnu",
- "winapi-x86_64-pc-windows-gnu",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "winapi-i686-pc-windows-gnu"
-version = "0.4.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "ac3b87c63620426dd9b991e5ce0329eff545bccbbb34f3be09ff6fb6ab51b7b6"
-
-[[package]]
-name = "winapi-util"
-version = "0.1.5"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "70ec6ce85bb158151cae5e5c87f95a8e97d2c0c4b001223f33a334e3ce5de178"
-dependencies = [
- "winapi",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "winapi-x86_64-pc-windows-gnu"
-version = "0.4.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "712e227841d057c1ee1cd2fb22fa7e5a5461ae8e48fa2ca79ec42cfc1931183f"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "windows-sys"
-version = "0.42.0"
+version = "0.48.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "5a3e1820f08b8513f676f7ab6c1f99ff312fb97b553d30ff4dd86f9f15728aa7"
+checksum = "677d2418bec65e3338edb076e806bc1ec15693c5d0104683f2efe857f61056a9"
+dependencies = [
+ "windows-targets",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "windows-targets"
+version = "0.48.5"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "9a2fa6e2155d7247be68c096456083145c183cbbbc2764150dda45a87197940c"
 dependencies = [
  "windows_aarch64_gnullvm",
  "windows_aarch64_msvc",
@@ -629,42 +804,51 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "windows_aarch64_gnullvm"
-version = "0.42.0"
+version = "0.48.5"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "41d2aa71f6f0cbe00ae5167d90ef3cfe66527d6f613ca78ac8024c3ccab9a19e"
+checksum = "2b38e32f0abccf9987a4e3079dfb67dcd799fb61361e53e2882c3cbaf0d905d8"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "windows_aarch64_msvc"
-version = "0.42.0"
+version = "0.48.5"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "dd0f252f5a35cac83d6311b2e795981f5ee6e67eb1f9a7f64eb4500fbc4dcdb4"
+checksum = "dc35310971f3b2dbbf3f0690a219f40e2d9afcf64f9ab7cc1be722937c26b4bc"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "windows_i686_gnu"
-version = "0.42.0"
+version = "0.48.5"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "fbeae19f6716841636c28d695375df17562ca208b2b7d0dc47635a50ae6c5de7"
+checksum = "a75915e7def60c94dcef72200b9a8e58e5091744960da64ec734a6c6e9b3743e"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "windows_i686_msvc"
-version = "0.42.0"
+version = "0.48.5"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "84c12f65daa39dd2babe6e442988fc329d6243fdce47d7d2d155b8d874862246"
+checksum = "8f55c233f70c4b27f66c523580f78f1004e8b5a8b659e05a4eb49d4166cca406"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "windows_x86_64_gnu"
-version = "0.42.0"
+version = "0.48.5"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "bf7b1b21b5362cbc318f686150e5bcea75ecedc74dd157d874d754a2ca44b0ed"
+checksum = "53d40abd2583d23e4718fddf1ebec84dbff8381c07cae67ff7768bbf19c6718e"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "windows_x86_64_gnullvm"
-version = "0.42.0"
+version = "0.48.5"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "09d525d2ba30eeb3297665bd434a54297e4170c7f1a44cad4ef58095b4cd2028"
+checksum = "0b7b52767868a23d5bab768e390dc5f5c55825b6d30b86c844ff2dc7414044cc"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "windows_x86_64_msvc"
-version = "0.42.0"
+version = "0.48.5"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "f40009d85759725a34da6d89a94e63d7bdc50a862acf0dbc7c8e488f1edcb6f5"
+checksum = "ed94fce61571a4006852b7389a063ab983c02eb1bb37b47f8272ce92d06d9538"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "winnow"
+version = "0.5.14"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "d09770118a7eb1ccaf4a594a221334119a44a814fcb0d31c5b85e83e97227a97"
+dependencies = [
+ "memchr",
+]

Cargo.toml

@@ -6,12 +6,18 @@ edition = "2021"
 # See more keys and their definitions at https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/manifest.html
 
 [dependencies]
-anyhow = "1.0.66"
+anyhow = "1.0.75"
-clap = { version = "4.0.29", features = ["derive"] }
+clap = { version = "4.3.23", features = ["derive"] }
 etrace = "1.1.1"
-itertools = "0.10.5"
+itertools = "0.11.0"
 lazy_static = "1.4.0"
-pest = "2.5.1"
+pest = "2.7.2"
-pest_derive = "2.5.1"
+pest_derive = "2.7.2"
-rayon = "1.6.0"
+rayon = "1.7.0"
+thiserror = "1.0.47"
 ntest = "0.9.0"
+approx = "0.5.1"
+num-traits = "0.2.16"
+ndarray = "0.15.6"
+ndarray-rand = "0.14.0"
+rand = "0.8.5"

README.md

@@ -33,12 +33,13 @@
     + Mathematics (MAS101): proposition statement and proof
     + Programming (CS101): basic programming skills
 
-  Without a proper understanding of these topics, you will likely struggle in this course.
+- Without a proper understanding of these topics, you will likely struggle in this course.
+- In the assignment, for the concepts that don't come out in prerequisite courses, we tried to comment on the relevant resources in the assignment code. Please read them carefully.
 
 
 ### Tools
 
-Make sure you're capable of using the following development tools:
+Make sure that you're capable of using the following development tools:
 
 - [Git](https://git-scm.com/): for downloading the homework skeleton and version-controlling your
   development. If you're not familiar with Git, walk through [this
@@ -97,6 +98,8 @@ Make sure you're capable of using the following development tools:
 - [Visual Studio Code](https://code.visualstudio.com/) (optional): for developing your homework. If you prefer other editors, you're good to go.
 
 - [ChatGPT](https://chat.openai.com/) or other LLMs (optional): for your homework.
+  - In the era of AI, we believe that it is crucial to learn how to wisely use AI in programming.
+  - So we adjusted the difficulty of homework assuming that you'll use ChatGPT 3.5 (or equivalent) to solve it.
 
 - [Development server](https://cloud.fearless.systems/)
 
@@ -146,8 +149,11 @@ Make sure you're capable of using the following development tools:
 
 - Your physical apperance is required. If online participation is **absolutely necessary**, we'll use Zoom.
 
-- You'll bring your own laptop. (You can also borrow one from School of Computing Admin Team.)
+- You should bring your own laptop. (You can also borrow one from School of Computing Admin Team.)
-  We will use surveillance tools such as [Safe Exam Browser](https://safeexambrowser.org/) to monitor your laptop.
+
+- We will use [Safe Exam Browser](https://safeexambrowser.org/) to prevent cheatings.
+  - You should have your laptop configured with Safe Exam Browser before the exam. 
+  - TBA: Details will be announced later. 
 
 ### Attendance (?%)
 
@@ -180,7 +186,7 @@ Make sure you're capable of using the following development tools:
 
 - Ask questions on course materials and assignments in [this repository's issue tracker](https://github.com/kaist-cp/cs220/issues).
     + Don't send emails to the instructor or TAs for course materials and assignments.
-    + Before asking a question, search for it in Google and Stack Overflow.
+    + Before asking a question, ask it to [ChatGPT](https://chat.openai.com/). Or search for it in Google and Stack Overflow.
     + Describe your question in as much detail as possible. It should include the following things:
       * Environment (OS, gcc, g++ version, and any other related program information).
       * Command(s) that you used and the result. Any logs should be formatted in code. Refer to [this](https://guides.github.com/features/mastering-markdown/).
@@ -188,6 +194,7 @@ Make sure you're capable of using the following development tools:
       * Googling result. Search before asking, and share the keyword used for searching and what you've learned from it.
     + Give a proper title to your issue.
     + Read [this](https://github.com/kaist-cp/cs220#communication) for more instructions.
+    + Questions will be answered within 2 days mostly.
 
     + I'm requiring you to ask questions online first for two reasons. First, clearly writing a
       question is the first step to reaching an answer. Second, you can benefit from the questions and answers of other students.

assets/why3/assignment05/binary_search.mlw

@@ -19,4 +19,5 @@ module BinarySearch
   =
     (* IMPORTANT: DON'T MODIFY THE ABOVE LINES *)
     0 (* TODO *)
+    
 end

assets/why3/assignment05/max.mlw

@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+(* Max
+
+  Given an array `a` of natural numbers with length `n`, 
+  return the maximum element of the array.
+  
+  You should stengthen the loop invariant.
+*)
+
+module Max
+
+  use int.Int
+  use ref.Ref
+  use array.Array
+
+  let max (a: array int) (n: int) : (max: int)
+    requires { n = length a }
+    requires { forall i. 0 <= i < n -> a[i] >= 0 }
+    ensures  { forall i. 0 <= i < n -> a[i] <= max }
+    ensures { exists i. 0 <= i < n -> a[i] = max }
+  = let ref max = 0 in
+    for i = 0 to n - 1 do
+      (* IMPORTANT: DON'T MODIFY THE ABOVE LINES *)
+      invariant { true (* TODO: Replace `true` with your solution *) }
+      (* IMPORTANT: DON'T MODIFY THE BELOW LINES *)
+      if max < a[i] then max <- a[i];
+    done;
+    max
+
+end

assets/why3/assignment05/pascal.mlw

@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+(* Pascal
+
+  Prove that the Pascal's triangle indeed computes combinations.
+  HINT: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal%27s_triangle
+*)
+
+module Pascal
+
+  use int.Int
+  use ref.Ref
+  use array.Array
+
+  let rec function comb (n k: int) : int
+    requires { 0 <= k <= n }
+    variant  { n }
+    ensures  { result >= 1 }
+  = if k = 0 || k = n then 1 else comb (n-1) k + comb (n-1) (k-1)
+
+  (* Insert appropriate invariants so that Why3 can verify this function. *)
+  (* You SHOULD understand the Pascal's triangle first to find good invariants. *) 
+  let chooses (n : int) : array int
+    requires { n > 0 }
+    ensures  { forall i: int.
+      0 <= i < length result -> result[i] = comb n i }
+  =
+    let ref row = Array.make 1 1 in
+    for r = 1 to n do
+      invariant { length row = r }
+      invariant { forall c: int. 0 <= c < r -> row[c] = comb (r-1) c } 
+      let new_row = Array.make (r+1) 1 in
+      for c = 1 to r-1 do
+        (* IMPORTANT: DON'T MODIFY THE ABOVE LINES *)
+        invariant { true (* TODO: Replace `true` with your solution *) }
+        (* IMPORTANT: DON'T MODIFY THE BELOW LINES *)
+        new_row[c] <- row[c-1] + row[c]
+      done;
+      row <- new_row
+    done;
+    row
+    
+end

assets/why3/ex1_eucl_div.mlw

@@ -1,34 +0,0 @@
-(* Euclidean division
-
-   1. Prove soundness, i.e. (division a b) returns an integer q such that
-      a = bq+r and 0 <= r < b for some r.
-      (You have to strengthen the precondition.)
-
-      Do you have to require b <> 0? Why?
-
-   2. Prove termination.
-      (You may have to strengthen the precondition even further.)
-*)
-
-module Division
-
-  use int.Int
-
-  let division (a b: int) : int
-    requires { a > 0 /\ b > 0 }
-    ensures  { exists r: int. a = b * result + r /\ 0 <= r < b }
-  =
-    let ref q = 0 in
-    let ref r = a in
-    while r >= b do
-      invariant { a = b * q + r /\ r >= 0 }
-      variant { r }
-      q <- q + 1;
-      r <- r - b
-    done;
-    q
-
-  let main () =
-    division 1000 42
-
-end

assets/why3/exercises/ex1_eucl_div.mlw

@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+(* Euclidean division
+
+   1. Prove correctness of euclideian divison:
+     `division a b` returns an integer `q` such that
+      `a = bq+r` and `0 <= r < b` for some `r`.
+   
+     - You have to strengthen the loop invariant.
+*)
+
+module Division
+
+  use int.Int
+
+  let division (a b: int) : int
+    requires { a >= 0 }
+    requires { b > 0 }
+    ensures  { exists r: int. a = b * result + r /\ 0 <= r < b }
+  =
+    let ref q = 0 in
+    let ref r = a in
+    while r >= b do
+      invariant { true (* TODO: Replace `true` with your solution *) } 
+      variant { r }
+      q <- q + 1;
+      r <- r - b
+    done;
+    q
+
+end

assets/why3/exercises/ex2_fact.mlw

@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+(* Two programs to compute the factorial
+
+   Questions:
+
+   1. In module FactRecursive:
+
+      a. Implement the program that satisfies specification.
+
+   2. In module FactLoop:
+
+      a. Strengthen the invariant to prove correctness of the given implementation.
+
+      b. Select a correct variant to prove the termination.
+     
+*)
+
+module FactRecursive
+
+  use int.Int
+  use int.Fact
+
+  let rec fact_rec (n: int) : int
+    requires { n >= 0 }
+    ensures  { result = fact n }
+    variant { n }
+  = (* IMPORTANT: DON'T MODIFY THE ABOVE LINES *) 
+    0 (*TODO*)
+    
+end
+
+module FactLoop
+
+  use int.Int
+  use int.Fact
+
+  let fact_loop (n: int) : int
+    requires { 0 < n }
+    ensures  { result = fact n }
+  = let ref m = 0 in
+    let ref r = 1 in
+    while m < n do
+      invariant { true (* TODO: Replace `true` with your solution  *) }
+      variant { n (* TODO: Replace `n` with your solution  *) }
+      m <- m + 1;
+      r <- r * m
+    done;
+    r
+
+end

assets/why3/exercises/ex3_two_way.mlw

@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+(* Two Way Sort
+
+   The following program sorts an array of Boolean values, with False<True.
+   
+   E.g.
+     two_way_sorted [True; False; False; True; False]
+     = [False; False; False; True; True]
+
+   - Strengthen the invariants to prove correctness.
+*)
+
+module TwoWaySort
+
+  use int.Int
+  use bool.Bool
+  use ref.Refint
+  use array.Array
+  use array.ArraySwap
+  use array.ArrayPermut
+
+  predicate (<<) (x y: bool) = x = False \/ y = True
+
+  predicate sorted (a: array bool) =
+    forall i1 i2: int. 0 <= i1 <= i2 < a.length -> a[i1] << a[i2]
+
+  let two_way_sort (a: array bool) : unit
+    ensures { sorted a }
+    ensures { permut_all (old a) a }
+  =
+    let ref i = 0 in
+    let ref j = length a - 1 in
+    while i < j do
+      invariant { 0 <= i /\ j < length a }
+      invariant { forall i1: int. 0 <= i1 < i 
+        -> true (* TODO: Replace `true` with your solution *) }
+      invariant { forall i2: int. j < i2 < length a 
+        -> true (* TODO: Replace `true` with your solution *) }
+      invariant { true (* TODO: Replace `true` with your solution *) }
+      variant { j - i }
+      if not a[i] then
+        incr i
+      else if a[j] then
+        decr j
+      else begin
+        swap a i j;
+        incr i;
+        decr j
+      end
+    done
+
+end

assets/why3/exercises/solutions/ex1_eucl_div_sol.mlw

@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+(* Euclidean division
+
+   1. Prove correctness of euclideian divison:
+     `division a b` returns an integer `q` such that
+      `a = bq+r` and `0 <= r < b` for some `r`.
+   
+     - You have to strengthen the precondition.
+     - You have to strengthen the loop invariant.
+*)
+
+module Division
+
+  use int.Int
+
+  let division (a b: int) : int
+    requires { a >= 0 }
+    requires { b > 0 }
+    ensures  { exists r: int. a = b * result + r /\ 0 <= r < b }
+  =
+    let ref q = 0 in
+    let ref r = a in
+    while r >= b do
+      invariant { a = b * q + r /\ 0 <= r } 
+      variant { r }
+      q <- q + 1;
+      r <- r - b
+    done;
+    q
+
+end

assets/why3/exercises/solutions/ex2_fact_sol.mlw

@@ -1,23 +1,5 @@
 (* Two programs to compute the factorial
-
+     
-   Note: function "fact" from module int.Fact (already imported)
-   can be used in specifications.
-
-   Questions:
-
-   1. In module FactRecursive:
-
-      a. Prove soundness of function fact_rec.
-
-      b. Prove its termination.
-
-   2. In module FactLoop:
-
-      a. Prove soundness of function fact_loop.
-
-      b. Prove its termination.
-
-      c. Change the code to use a for loop instead of a while loop.
 *)
 
 module FactRecursive

assets/why3/exercises/solutions/ex3_two_way_sol.mlw

@@ -1,22 +1,12 @@
 (* Two Way Sort
 
    The following program sorts an array of Boolean values, with False<True.
+   
+   E.g.
+     two_way_sorted [True; False; False; True; False]
+     = [False; False; False; True; True]
 
-   Questions:
+   - Strengthen the invariant to prove correctness.
-
-   1. Prove safety i.e. the absence of array access out of bounds.
-
-   2. Prove termination.
-
-   3. Prove that array a is sorted after execution of function two_way_sort
-      (using the predicate sorted that is provided).
-
-   4. Show that after execution the array contents is a permutation of its
-      initial contents. Use the library predicate "permut_all" to do so
-      (the corresponding module ArrayPermut is already imported).
-
-      You can refer to the contents of array a at the beginning of the
-      function with notation "a at Init".
 *)
 
 module TwoWaySort
@@ -34,15 +24,16 @@ module TwoWaySort
     forall i1 i2: int. 0 <= i1 <= i2 < a.length -> a[i1] << a[i2]
 
   let two_way_sort (a: array bool) : unit
-    ensures { true }
+    ensures { sorted a }
+    ensures { permut_all (old a) a }
   =
-    label Init in
     let ref i = 0 in
     let ref j = length a - 1 in
     while i < j do
+      invariant { 0 <= i /\ j < length a }
       invariant { forall i1: int. 0 <= i1 < i -> a[i1] = False }
       invariant { forall i2: int. j < i2 < length a -> a[i2] = True }
-      invariant { 0 <= i /\ j < length a }
+      invariant { permut_all (old a) a }
       variant { j - i }
       if not a[i] then
         incr i

rust-toolchain

@@ -1 +1 @@
-1.70.0
+1.71.0

scripts/grade-01.sh

@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ run_linters || exit 1
 for RUNNER in "${RUNNERS[@]}"; do
     echo "Running with $RUNNER..."
 
-    TESTS=("--lib assignment01_grade")
+    TESTS=("--lib assignment01")
     if [ $(run_tests) -ne 0 ]; then
         exit 1
     fi

scripts/grade-02.sh

@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ run_linters || exit 1
 for RUNNER in "${RUNNERS[@]}"; do
     echo "Running with $RUNNER..."
 
-    TESTS=("--lib assignment02_grade")
+    TESTS=("--lib assignment02")
     if [ $(run_tests) -ne 0 ]; then
         exit 1
     fi

scripts/grade-03.sh

@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ run_linters || exit 1
 for RUNNER in "${RUNNERS[@]}"; do
     echo "Running with $RUNNER..."
 
-    TESTS=("--lib assignment03_grade")
+    TESTS=("--lib assignment03")
     if [ $(run_tests) -ne 0 ]; then
         exit 1
     fi

scripts/grade-04.sh

@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ run_linters || exit 1
 for RUNNER in "${RUNNERS[@]}"; do
     echo "Running with $RUNNER..."
 
-    TESTS=("--lib assignment04_grade")
+    TESTS=("--lib assignment04")
     if [ $(run_tests) -ne 0 ]; then
         exit 1
     fi

scripts/grade-06.sh

@@ -9,12 +9,12 @@ BASEDIR=$(dirname "$0")
 source $BASEDIR/grade-utils.sh
 
 RUNNERS=(
-    "cargo"
+	"cargo"
-    "cargo --release"
+	"cargo --release"
-    "cargo_asan"
+	"cargo_asan"
-    "cargo_asan --release"
+	"cargo_asan --release"
-    "cargo_tsan"
+	"cargo_tsan"
-    "cargo_tsan --release"
+	"cargo_tsan --release"
 )
 
 # Lints.
@@ -22,12 +22,12 @@ run_linters || exit 1
 
 # Executes test for each runner.
 for RUNNER in "${RUNNERS[@]}"; do
-    echo "Running with $RUNNER..."
+	echo "Running with $RUNNER..."
 
-    TESTS=("--lib assignment06_grade")
+	TESTS=("--lib assignment06")
-    if [ $(run_tests) -ne 0 ]; then
+	if [ $(run_tests) -ne 0 ]; then
-        exit 1
+		exit 1
-    fi
+	fi
 done
 
 exit 0

scripts/grade-07.sh

@@ -9,12 +9,12 @@ BASEDIR=$(dirname "$0")
 source $BASEDIR/grade-utils.sh
 
 RUNNERS=(
-    "cargo"
+	"cargo"
-    "cargo --release"
+	"cargo --release"
-    "cargo_asan"
+	"cargo_asan"
-    "cargo_asan --release"
+	"cargo_asan --release"
-    "cargo_tsan"
+	"cargo_tsan"
-    "cargo_tsan --release"
+	"cargo_tsan --release"
 )
 
 # Lints.
@@ -22,12 +22,12 @@ run_linters || exit 1
 
 # Executes test for each runner.
 for RUNNER in "${RUNNERS[@]}"; do
-    echo "Running with $RUNNER..."
+	echo "Running with $RUNNER..."
 
-    TESTS=("--lib assignment07_grade")
+	TESTS=("--lib assignment07")
-    if [ $(run_tests) -ne 0 ]; then
+	if [ $(run_tests) -ne 0 ]; then
-        exit 1
+		exit 1
-    fi
+	fi
 done
 
 exit 0

scripts/grade-08.sh

@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ run_linters || exit 1
 for RUNNER in "${RUNNERS[@]}"; do
     echo "Running with $RUNNER..."
 
-    TESTS=("--lib assignment08_grade")
+    TESTS=("--lib assignment08")
     if [ $(run_tests) -ne 0 ]; then
         exit 1
     fi

scripts/grade-09.sh

@@ -9,12 +9,12 @@ BASEDIR=$(dirname "$0")
 source $BASEDIR/grade-utils.sh
 
 RUNNERS=(
-    "cargo"
+	"cargo"
-    "cargo --release"
+	"cargo --release"
-    "cargo_asan"
+	"cargo_asan"
-    "cargo_asan --release"
+	"cargo_asan --release"
-    "cargo_tsan"
+	"cargo_tsan"
-    "cargo_tsan --release"
+	"cargo_tsan --release"
 )
 
 # Lints.
@@ -22,12 +22,12 @@ run_linters || exit 1
 
 # Executes test for each runner.
 for RUNNER in "${RUNNERS[@]}"; do
-    echo "Running with $RUNNER..."
+	echo "Running with $RUNNER..."
 
-    TESTS=("--lib assignment09_grade")
+	TESTS=("--lib assignment09")
-    if [ $(run_tests) -ne 0 ]; then
+	if [ $(run_tests) -ne 0 ]; then
-        exit 1
+		exit 1
-    fi
+	fi
 done
 
 exit 0

scripts/grade-10.sh

@@ -9,12 +9,12 @@ BASEDIR=$(dirname "$0")
 source $BASEDIR/grade-utils.sh
 
 RUNNERS=(
-    "cargo"
+	"cargo"
-    "cargo --release"
+	"cargo --release"
-    "cargo_asan"
+	"cargo_asan"
-    "cargo_asan --release"
+	"cargo_asan --release"
-    "cargo_tsan"
+	"cargo_tsan"
-    "cargo_tsan --release"
+	"cargo_tsan --release"
 )
 
 # Lints.
@@ -22,12 +22,12 @@ run_linters || exit 1
 
 # Executes test for each runner.
 for RUNNER in "${RUNNERS[@]}"; do
-    echo "Running with $RUNNER..."
+	echo "Running with $RUNNER..."
 
-    TESTS=("--lib assignment10_grade")
+	TESTS=("--lib assignment10")
-    if [ $(run_tests) -ne 0 ]; then
+	if [ $(run_tests) -ne 0 ]; then
-        exit 1
+		exit 1
-    fi
+	fi
 done
 
 exit 0

scripts/grade-11.sh

@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ run_linters || exit 1
 for RUNNER in "${RUNNERS[@]}"; do
     echo "Running with $RUNNER..."
 
-    TESTS=("--lib assignment11_grade")
+    TESTS=("--lib assignment11")
     if [ $(run_tests) -ne 0 ]; then
         exit 1
     fi

scripts/grade-12.sh

@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ run_linters || exit 1
 for RUNNER in "${RUNNERS[@]}"; do
     echo "Running with $RUNNER..."
 
-    TESTS=("--lib assignment12_grade")
+    TESTS=("--lib assignment12")
     if [ $(run_tests) -ne 0 ]; then
         exit 1
     fi

scripts/grade-13.sh

@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ run_linters || exit 1
 for RUNNER in "${RUNNERS[@]}"; do
     echo "Running with $RUNNER..."
 
-    TESTS=("--lib assignment13_grade")
+    TESTS=("--lib assignment13")
     if [ $(run_tests) -ne 0 ]; then
         exit 1
     fi

src/assignments/assignment01/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+//! Assignment 1: Preparing Rust Development Environment.
+//!
+//! The primary goal of this assignment is bringing up SSH, VSCode, and all the other necessary tools to develop Rust programs.
+//! Please make sure you're comfortable with developing Rust programs before moving on to the next assignments.
+//!
+//! You should fill out the `todo!()` placeholders in such a way that `/scripts/grade-01.sh` works fine.
+//! See `assigment01/small_exercises_grade.rs` and `/scripts/grade-01.sh` for the test script.
+
+pub mod small_exercises;
+mod small_exercises_grade;

src/assignments/assignment01/small_exercises.rs

@@ -1,10 +1,8 @@
 //! Assignment 1: Preparing Rust Development Environment.
-//!
+//! Welcome to the CS220 course!
-//! The primary goal of this assignment is bringing up SSH, VSCode, and all the other necessary tools to develop Rust programs.
-//! Please make sure you're comfortable with developing Rust programs before moving on to the next assignments.
 //!
 //! You should fill out `add()` and `sub()` function bodies in such a way that `/scripts/grade-01.sh` works fine.
-//! See `assignment01_grade.rs` and `/scripts/grade-01.sh` for the test script.
+//! See `small_problems_grade.rs` and `/scripts/grade-01.sh` for the test script.
 //!
 //! Hint: <https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/primitive.usize.html>
 

src/assignments/assignment01/small_exercises_grade.rs

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod test {
-    use super::super::assignment01::*;
+    use crate::assignments::assignment01::small_exercises::*;
 
     #[test]
     fn test_add_7_3() {

src/assignments/assignment02.rs

@@ -1,143 +0,0 @@
-//! Assignment 2: Mastering common programming concepts (1/2).
-//!
-//! The primary goal of this assignment is to re-learn the common programming concepts in Rust, especially those in the Rust Book chapters 3 and 5.
-//! Please make sure you're comfortable with the concepts to proceed on to the next assignments.
-//!
-//! You should fill out the `todo!()` placeholders in such a way that `/scripts/grade-02.sh` works fine.
-//! See `assignment02_grade.rs` and `/scripts/grade-02.sh` for the test script.
-
-use std::ops::Mul;
-
-const FAHRENHEIT_OFFSET: f64 = 32.0;
-const FAHRENHEIT_SCALE: f64 = 5.0 / 9.0;
-
-/// Converts Fahrenheit to Celsius temperature degree.
-pub fn fahrenheit_to_celsius(degree: f64) -> f64 {
-    todo!()
-}
-
-/// Capitalizes English alphabets (leaving the other characters intact).
-pub fn capitalize(input: String) -> String {
-    todo!()
-}
-
-/// Returns the sum of the given array. (We assume the absence of integer overflow.)
-pub fn sum_array(input: &[u64]) -> u64 {
-    todo!()
-}
-
-/// Given a non-negative integer, say `n`, return the smallest integer of the form `3^m` that's greater than or equal to `n`.
-///
-/// For instance, up3(6) = 9, up3(9) = 9, up3(10) = 27. (We assume the absence of integer overflow.)
-pub fn up3(n: u64) -> u64 {
-    todo!()
-}
-
-/// Returns the greatest common divisor (GCD) of two non-negative integers. (We assume the absence of integer overflow.)
-pub fn gcd(lhs: u64, rhs: u64) -> u64 {
-    todo!()
-}
-
-/// Returns the array of nC0, nC1, nC2, ..., nCn, where nCk = n! / (k! * (n-k)!). (We assume the absence of integer overflow.)
-///
-/// Consult <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal%27s_triangle> for computation of binomial coefficients without integer overflow.
-pub fn chooses(n: u64) -> Vec<u64> {
-    todo!()
-}
-
-/// Returns the "zip" of two vectors.
-///
-/// For instance, `zip(vec![1, 2, 3], vec![4, 5])` equals to `vec![(1, 4), (2, 5)]`.
-/// Here, `3` is ignored because it doesn't have a partner.
-pub fn zip(lhs: Vec<u64>, rhs: Vec<u64>) -> Vec<(u64, u64)> {
-    todo!()
-}
-
-/// 2x2 matrix of the following configuration:
-///
-/// a, b
-/// c, d
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
-struct Mat2 {
-    a: u64,
-    b: u64,
-    c: u64,
-    d: u64,
-}
-
-/// 2x1 matrix of the following configuration:
-///
-/// a
-/// b
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
-struct Vec2 {
-    a: u64,
-    b: u64,
-}
-
-impl Mat2 {
-    /// Creates an identity matrix.
-    fn new() -> Self {
-        Self {
-            a: 1,
-            b: 0,
-            c: 0,
-            d: 1,
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl Mul<Mat2> for Mat2 {
-    type Output = Mat2;
-
-    fn mul(self, rhs: Mat2) -> Self::Output {
-        todo!()
-    }
-}
-
-impl Mul<Vec2> for Mat2 {
-    type Output = Vec2;
-
-    fn mul(self, rhs: Vec2) -> Self::Output {
-        todo!()
-    }
-}
-
-impl Mat2 {
-    /// Calculates the power of matrix.
-    fn power(self, power: u64) -> Mat2 {
-        todo!()
-    }
-}
-
-impl Vec2 {
-    /// Gets the upper value of vector.
-    fn get_upper(self) -> u64 {
-        todo!()
-    }
-}
-
-/// The matrix used for calculating Fibonacci numbers.
-const FIBONACCI_MAT: Mat2 = Mat2 {
-    a: 1,
-    b: 1,
-    c: 1,
-    d: 0,
-};
-
-/// The vector used for calculating Fibonacci numbers.
-const FIBONACCI_VEC: Vec2 = Vec2 { a: 1, b: 0 };
-
-/// Calculates the Fibonacci number. (We assume the absence of integer overflow.)
-///
-/// Consult <https://web.media.mit.edu/~holbrow/post/calculating-fibonacci-numbers-with-matrices-and-linear-algebra/> for matrix computation of Fibonacci numbers.
-pub fn fibonacci(n: u64) -> u64 {
-    (FIBONACCI_MAT.power(n) * FIBONACCI_VEC).get_upper()
-}
-
-/// Writes down the lyrics of "twelve days of christmas".
-///
-/// Hint: Google the song title for lyrics and look at the test code for the expected result.
-pub fn twelve_days_of_christmas_lyrics() -> String {
-    todo!()
-}

src/assignments/assignment02/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+//! Assignment 2: Mastering common programming concepts (1/2).
+//!
+//! The primary goal of this assignment is to re-learn the common programming concepts in Rust, especially those in the Rust Book chapters 3 and 5.
+//! Please make sure you're comfortable with the concepts to proceed on to the next assignments.
+//!
+//! You should fill out the `todo!()` placeholders in such a way that `/scripts/grade-02.sh` works fine.
+//! See `assigment02/*_grade.rs` and `/scripts/grade-02.sh` for the test script.
+
+pub mod small_exercises;
+mod small_exercises_grade;
+
+pub mod vec_and_mat;
+mod vec_and_mat_grade;

src/assignments/assignment02/small_exercises.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+//! Small problems.
+
+const FAHRENHEIT_OFFSET: f64 = 32.0;
+const FAHRENHEIT_SCALE: f64 = 5.0 / 9.0;
+
+/// Converts Fahrenheit to Celsius temperature degree.
+pub fn fahrenheit_to_celsius(degree: f64) -> f64 {
+    todo!()
+}
+
+/// Capitalizes English alphabets (leaving the other characters intact).
+pub fn capitalize(input: String) -> String {
+    todo!()
+}
+
+/// Returns the sum of the given array. (We assume the absence of integer overflow.)
+pub fn sum_array(input: &[u64]) -> u64 {
+    todo!()
+}
+
+/// Given a non-negative integer, say `n`, return the smallest integer of the form `3^m` that's greater than or equal to `n`.
+///
+/// For instance, up3(6) = 9, up3(9) = 9, up3(10) = 27. (We assume the absence of integer overflow.)
+pub fn up3(n: u64) -> u64 {
+    todo!()
+}
+
+/// Returns the greatest common divisor (GCD) of two non-negative integers. (We assume the absence of integer overflow.)
+pub fn gcd(lhs: u64, rhs: u64) -> u64 {
+    todo!()
+}
+
+/// Returns the array of nC0, nC1, nC2, ..., nCn, where nCk = n! / (k! * (n-k)!). (We assume the absence of integer overflow.)
+///
+/// Consult <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal%27s_triangle> for computation of binomial coefficients without integer overflow.
+pub fn chooses(n: u64) -> Vec<u64> {
+    todo!()
+}
+
+/// Returns the "zip" of two vectors.
+///
+/// For instance, `zip(vec![1, 2, 3], vec![4, 5])` equals to `vec![(1, 4), (2, 5)]`.
+/// Here, `3` is ignored because it doesn't have a partner.
+pub fn zip(lhs: Vec<u64>, rhs: Vec<u64>) -> Vec<(u64, u64)> {
+    todo!()
+}

src/assignments/assignment02/small_exercises_grade.rs

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod test {
-    use super::super::assignment02::*;
+    use crate::assignments::assignment02::small_exercises::*;
 
     #[test]
     fn test_fahrenheit() {
@@ -134,128 +134,4 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(zip(vec![1, 2], vec![4, 5, 6]), vec![(1, 4), (2, 5)]);
         assert_eq!(zip(vec![], vec![4, 5]), vec![]);
     }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_fibonacci() {
-        assert_eq!(fibonacci(0), 1);
-        assert_eq!(fibonacci(1), 1);
-        assert_eq!(fibonacci(2), 2);
-        assert_eq!(fibonacci(3), 3);
-        assert_eq!(fibonacci(4), 5);
-        assert_eq!(fibonacci(5), 8);
-        assert_eq!(fibonacci(6), 13);
-        assert_eq!(fibonacci(7), 21);
-        assert_eq!(fibonacci(50), 20365011074);
-        assert_eq!(fibonacci(92), 12200160415121876738);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_lyrics() {
-        assert_eq!(twelve_days_of_christmas_lyrics(), LYRICS)
-    }
-
-    const LYRICS: &str = r#"On the first day of Christmas, my true love sent to me
-A partridge in a pear tree
-
-On the second day of Christmas, my true love sent to me
-Two turtledoves
-And a partridge in a pear tree
-
-On the third day of Christmas, my true love sent to me
-Three French hens
-Two turtledoves
-And a partridge in a pear tree
-
-On the fourth day of Christmas, my true love sent to me
-Four calling birds
-Three French hens
-Two turtledoves
-And a partridge in a pear tree
-
-On the fifth day of Christmas, my true love sent to me
-Five gold rings (five golden rings)
-Four calling birds
-Three French hens
-Two turtledoves
-And a partridge in a pear tree
-
-On the sixth day of Christmas, my true love sent to me
-Six geese a-laying
-Five gold rings (five golden rings)
-Four calling birds
-Three French hens
-Two turtledoves
-And a partridge in a pear tree
-
-On the seventh day of Christmas, my true love sent to me
-Seven swans a-swimming
-Six geese a-laying
-Five gold rings (five golden rings)
-Four calling birds
-Three French hens
-Two turtledoves
-And a partridge in a pear tree
-
-On the eighth day of Christmas, my true love sent to me
-Eight maids a-milking
-Seven swans a-swimming
-Six geese a-laying
-Five gold rings (five golden rings)
-Four calling birds
-Three French hens
-Two turtledoves
-And a partridge in a pear tree
-
-On the ninth day of Christmas, my true love sent to me
-Nine ladies dancing
-Eight maids a-milking
-Seven swans a-swimming
-Six geese a-laying
-Five gold rings (five golden rings)
-Four calling birds
-Three French hens
-Two turtledoves
-And a partridge in a pear tree
-
-On the tenth day of Christmas, my true love sent to me
-Ten lords a-leaping
-Nine ladies dancing
-Eight maids a-milking
-Seven swans a-swimming
-Six geese a-laying
-Five gold rings (five golden rings)
-Four calling birds
-Three French hens
-Two turtledoves
-And a partridge in a pear tree
-
-On the eleventh day of Christmas, my true love sent to me
-I sent eleven pipers piping
-Ten lords a-leaping
-Nine ladies dancing
-Eight maids a-milking
-Seven swans a-swimming
-Six geese a-laying
-Five gold rings (five golden rings)
-Four calling birds
-Three French hens
-Two turtledoves
-And a partridge in a pear tree
-
-On the twelfth day of Christmas, my true love sent to me
-Twelve drummers drumming
-Eleven pipers piping
-Ten lords a-leaping
-Nine ladies dancing
-Eight maids a-milking
-Seven swans a-swimming
-Six geese a-laying
-Five gold rings (five golden rings)
-Four calling birds
-Three French hens
-Two turtledoves
-And a partridge in a pear tree
-
-And a partridge in a pear tree
-"#;
 }

src/assignments/assignment02/vec_and_mat.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,124 @@
+//! Vector and matrices.
+//!
+//! You will implement simple operations on vectors and matrices.
+
+use std::ops::Mul;
+
+/// 2x2 matrix of the following configuration:
+///
+/// a, b
+/// c, d
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+struct Mat2 {
+    a: u64,
+    b: u64,
+    c: u64,
+    d: u64,
+}
+
+/// 2x1 matrix of the following configuration:
+///
+/// a
+/// b
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+struct Vec2 {
+    a: u64,
+    b: u64,
+}
+
+impl Mat2 {
+    /// Creates an identity matrix.
+    fn new() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            a: 1,
+            b: 0,
+            c: 0,
+            d: 1,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Mul<Mat2> for Mat2 {
+    type Output = Mat2;
+
+    /// Consult <https://www.mathsisfun.com/algebra/matrix-multiplying.html>
+    fn mul(self, rhs: Mat2) -> Self::Output {
+        todo!()
+    }
+}
+
+impl Mul<Vec2> for Mat2 {
+    type Output = Vec2;
+
+    /// Multiplies the matrix by the vector.
+    ///
+    /// Consult <https://www.mathsisfun.com/algebra/matrix-multiplying.html>
+    fn mul(self, rhs: Vec2) -> Self::Output {
+        todo!()
+    }
+}
+
+impl Mat2 {
+    /// Calculates the power of matrix.
+    fn power(self, power: u64) -> Mat2 {
+        todo!()
+    }
+}
+
+impl Vec2 {
+    /// Gets the upper value of vector.
+    fn get_upper(self) -> u64 {
+        todo!()
+    }
+}
+
+/// The matrix used for calculating Fibonacci numbers.
+const FIBONACCI_MAT: Mat2 = Mat2 {
+    a: 1,
+    b: 1,
+    c: 1,
+    d: 0,
+};
+
+/// The vector used for calculating Fibonacci numbers.
+const FIBONACCI_VEC: Vec2 = Vec2 { a: 1, b: 0 };
+
+/// Calculates the Fibonacci number. (We assume the absence of integer overflow.)
+///
+/// Consult <https://web.media.mit.edu/~holbrow/post/calculating-fibonacci-numbers-with-matrices-and-linear-algebra/> for matrix computation of Fibonacci numbers.
+pub fn fibonacci(n: u64) -> u64 {
+    (FIBONACCI_MAT.power(n) * FIBONACCI_VEC).get_upper()
+}
+
+/// 2x2 floating-point matrix of the following configuration:
+///
+/// a, b
+/// c, d
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+pub struct FMat2 {
+    /// row 1, column 1
+    pub a: f64,
+    /// row 1, column 2
+    pub b: f64,
+    /// row 2, column 1
+    pub c: f64,
+    /// row 2, column 2
+    pub d: f64,
+}
+
+impl FMat2 {
+    /// Returns the inverse of the given matrix. (We assume the given matrix is always invertible.)
+    /// HINT: <https://www.mathcentre.ac.uk/resources/uploaded/sigma-matrices7-2009-1.pdf>
+    ///
+    /// # Example
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// assert_eq!(
+    ///     Mat2 { a: 1.0, b: 1.0, c: 2.0, d: 3.0 }.inverse(),
+    ///     Mat2 { a: 3.0, b: -1.0, c: -2.0, d: 1.0}
+    /// );
+    /// ```
+    pub fn inverse(self) -> Self {
+        todo!()
+    }
+}

src/assignments/assignment02/vec_and_mat_grade.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod test {
+    use crate::assignments::assignment02::vec_and_mat::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_fibonacci() {
+        assert_eq!(fibonacci(0), 1);
+        assert_eq!(fibonacci(1), 1);
+        assert_eq!(fibonacci(2), 2);
+        assert_eq!(fibonacci(3), 3);
+        assert_eq!(fibonacci(4), 5);
+        assert_eq!(fibonacci(5), 8);
+        assert_eq!(fibonacci(6), 13);
+        assert_eq!(fibonacci(7), 21);
+        assert_eq!(fibonacci(50), 20365011074);
+        assert_eq!(fibonacci(92), 12200160415121876738);
+    }
+
+    // Equivalence between two floating-point matrices, as element-wise equivalence
+    use std::cmp::PartialEq;
+    impl PartialEq for FMat2 {
+        fn eq(&self, other: &FMat2) -> bool {
+            self.a == other.a && self.b == other.b && self.c == other.c && self.d == other.d
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_inverse() {
+        assert_eq!(
+            FMat2 {
+                a: 1.0,
+                b: 1.0,
+                c: 2.0,
+                d: 3.0
+            }
+            .inverse(),
+            FMat2 {
+                a: 3.0,
+                b: -1.0,
+                c: -2.0,
+                d: 1.0
+            }
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            FMat2 {
+                a: 2.0,
+                b: 3.0,
+                c: 5.0,
+                d: 7.0
+            }
+            .inverse(),
+            FMat2 {
+                a: -7.0,
+                b: 3.0,
+                c: 5.0,
+                d: -2.0
+            }
+        );
+    }
+}

src/assignments/assignment03/custom_operators.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+//! You will implement a number of custom operators.
+
+/// Custom option type.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub enum MyOption<T> {
+    /// Some value of type `T`.
+    MySome(T),
+    /// No value.
+    MyNone,
+}
+
+/// Maps an `MyOption<T>` to `MyOption<U>` by applying a function to a contained value.
+///
+/// # Examples
+///
+/// Converts an `MyOption<String>` into an `MyOption<usize>`, consuming the original:
+///
+/// ```
+/// use cs220::assignments::assignment03::{my_map, MyOption};
+///
+/// fn len(s: String) -> usize {
+///     s.len()
+/// }
+///
+/// assert_eq!(my_map(MyOption::MySome(String::from("Hello, World!")), len), MyOption::MySome(13));
+/// assert_eq!(my_map(MyOption::MyNone, len), MyOption::MyNone);
+/// ```
+pub fn my_map<T, U, F: FnOnce(T) -> U>(v: MyOption<T>, f: F) -> MyOption<U> {
+    todo!()
+}
+
+/// Returns `MyNone` if the option is `MyNone`, otherwise calls `f` with the wrapped value and returns the result.
+///
+/// Some languages call this operation flatmap.
+///
+/// # Examples
+///
+/// ```
+/// use cs220::assignments::assignment03::{MyOption, my_and_then};
+///
+/// fn pos_then_to_string(x: isize) -> MyOption<String> {
+///     if x > 0 {
+///         MyOption::MySome(x.to_string())
+///     } else {
+///         MyOption::MyNone
+///     }
+/// }
+///
+/// assert_eq!(my_and_then(MyOption::MySome(2), pos_then_to_string), MyOption::MySome(2.to_string()));
+/// assert_eq!(my_and_then(MyOption::MySome(-3), pos_then_to_string), MyOption::MyNone);
+/// assert_eq!(my_and_then(MyOption::MyNone, pos_then_to_string), MyOption::MyNone);
+/// ```
+pub fn my_and_then<T, U, F: FnOnce(T) -> MyOption<U>>(v: MyOption<T>, f: F) -> MyOption<U> {
+    todo!()
+}
+
+/// Custom operator: `option_op_or(v1, v2, f)`
+/// If neither `v1` nor `v2` is `Some`, returns `None`.
+/// If exactly one is `Some`, returns the same `Some` value.
+/// If both are `Some`, apply the values inside `Some` to `f` and wrap the resulting value inside `Some`.
+///
+/// # Examples
+///
+/// ```
+/// fn product(a: i32, b: i32) -> i32 {
+///     a * b
+/// }
+///
+/// assert_eq!(option_op_or(None, None, product), None);
+/// assert_eq!(option_op_or(Some(3), None, product), Some(3));
+/// assert_eq!(option_op_or(Some(3), Some(5), product), Some(15));
+/// ```
+pub fn my_option_op_or<T, F: FnOnce(T, T) -> T>(
+    v1: MyOption<T>,
+    v2: MyOption<T>,
+    f: F,
+) -> MyOption<T> {
+    todo!()
+}

src/assignments/assignment03/custom_operators_grade.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod test {
+    use crate::assignments::assignment03::custom_operators::{MyOption::*, *};
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_my_map() {
+        fn len(s: &str) -> usize {
+            s.len()
+        }
+
+        fn plus_one(x: isize) -> isize {
+            x + 1
+        }
+
+        fn is_positive(x: f64) -> bool {
+            x > 0.0f64
+        }
+
+        assert_eq!(my_map(MySome("Hello, World!"), len), MySome(13));
+        assert_eq!(my_map(MyNone, len), MyNone);
+
+        assert_eq!(my_map(MySome(1), plus_one), MySome(2));
+        assert_eq!(my_map(MyNone, plus_one), MyNone);
+
+        assert_eq!(my_map(MySome(5.0f64), is_positive), MySome(true));
+        assert_eq!(my_map(MySome(-3.0f64), is_positive), MySome(false));
+        assert_eq!(my_map(MyNone::<f64>, is_positive), MyNone);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_my_and_then() {
+        fn plus_one(x: isize) -> MyOption<isize> {
+            MySome(x + 1)
+        }
+
+        fn none(_: isize) -> MyOption<isize> {
+            MyNone
+        }
+
+        assert_eq!(my_and_then(MySome(1), plus_one), MySome(2));
+        assert_eq!(my_and_then(MySome(1), none), MyNone);
+
+        assert_eq!(my_and_then(MyNone, plus_one), MyNone);
+        assert_eq!(my_and_then(MyNone, none), MyNone);
+    }
+
+    fn product(a: i32, b: i32) -> i32 {
+        a * b
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_my_option_op_or() {
+        assert_eq!(my_option_op_or(MyNone, MyNone, product), MyNone);
+        assert_eq!(my_option_op_or(MySome(3), MyNone, product), MySome(3));
+        assert_eq!(my_option_op_or(MyNone, MySome(5), product), MySome(5));
+        assert_eq!(my_option_op_or(MySome(3), MySome(5), product), MySome(15));
+    }
+}

src/assignments/assignment03/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+//! Assignment 3: Mastering common programming concepts (2/2)
+//!
+//! You should fill out the `todo!()` placeholders in such a way that `/scripts/grade-03.sh` works fine.
+//! See `assignment03/*_grade.rs` and `/scripts/grade-03.sh` for the test script.
+
+pub mod small_exercises;
+mod small_exercises_grade;
+
+pub mod parse_shell;
+mod parse_shell_grade;
+
+pub mod custom_operators;
+mod custom_operators_grade;

src/assignments/assignment03/parse_shell.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+//! Parsing a shell command.
+//!
+//! Shell commands are text-based instructions that you can enter in a command-line interface (CLI)
+//! to interact with operating systems (e.g. Linux) and others.
+//! For example, you can use the `ls` command to list files in a directory.
+//!
+//! You will parse a given string consists of a small number of shell commands.
+
+/// Parse the string as a shell command.
+///
+/// Usually, a shell command is whitespace-separated array of strings.
+/// ```text
+/// cat file  -->  ["cat", "file"]
+/// ```
+/// But sometimes, you may want to include whitespaces in each argument.
+/// In that case, you can use quotes.
+/// ```text
+/// ls 'VirtualBox VMs'  -->  ["ls", 'VirtualBox VMs']
+/// ls VirtualBox' 'VMs  -->  ["ls", 'VirtualBox VMs']
+/// ```
+///
+/// For simplicity, you may assume that the string only contains alphanumeric characters, spaces
+/// (" "), and single quotes ("'").
+///
+/// See `test_shell` for more examples.
+pub fn parse_shell_command(command: &str) -> Vec<String> {
+    todo!()
+}

src/assignments/assignment03/parse_shell_grade.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod test {
+    use crate::assignments::assignment03::parse_shell::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_shell() {
+        assert_eq!(
+            parse_shell_command("cat file"),
+            vec!["cat".to_string(), "file".to_string()]
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            parse_shell_command("ls 'VirtualBox VMs'"),
+            vec!["ls".to_string(), "VirtualBox VMs".to_string()]
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            parse_shell_command("ls VirtualBox' 'VMs"),
+            vec!["ls".to_string(), "VirtualBox VMs".to_string()]
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            parse_shell_command("echo once upon a midnight dreary"),
+            vec![
+                "echo".to_string(),
+                "once".to_string(),
+                "upon".to_string(),
+                "a".to_string(),
+                "midnight".to_string(),
+                "dreary".to_string(),
+            ]
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            parse_shell_command("echo 'once upon a midnight dreary'"),
+            vec![
+                "echo".to_string(),
+                "once upon a midnight dreary".to_string(),
+            ]
+        );
+    }
+}

src/assignments/assignment03/small_exercises.rs

@@ -1,12 +1,7 @@
-//! Assignment 3: Mastering common programming concepts (2/2).
+//! Small problems.
-//!
-//! The primary goal of this assignment is to re-learn the common programming concepts in Rust, especially those in the Rust Book chapters 6, 7, 8, and 9.
-//! Please make sure you're comfortable with the concepts to proceed on to the next assignments.
-//!
-//! You should fill out the `todo!()` placeholders in such a way that `/scripts/grade-03.sh` works fine.
-//! See `assignment03_grade.rs` and `/scripts/grade-03.sh` for the test script.
 
 use std::collections::{HashMap, HashSet};
+use std::fmt;
 
 /// Day of week.
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
@@ -34,60 +29,6 @@ pub fn next_weekday(day: DayOfWeek) -> DayOfWeek {
     todo!()
 }
 
-/// Custom option type.
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
-pub enum MyOption<T> {
-    /// Some value of type `T`.
-    MySome(T),
-    /// No value.
-    MyNone,
-}
-
-/// Maps an `MyOption<T>` to `MyOption<U>` by applying a function to a contained value.
-///
-/// # Examples
-///
-/// Converts an `MyOption<String>` into an `MyOption<usize>`, consuming the original:
-///
-/// ```
-/// use cs220::assignments::assignment03::{my_map, MyOption};
-///
-/// fn len(s: String) -> usize {
-///     s.len()
-/// }
-///
-/// assert_eq!(my_map(MyOption::MySome(String::from("Hello, World!")), len), MyOption::MySome(13));
-/// assert_eq!(my_map(MyOption::MyNone, len), MyOption::MyNone);
-/// ```
-pub fn my_map<T, U, F: FnOnce(T) -> U>(v: MyOption<T>, f: F) -> MyOption<U> {
-    todo!()
-}
-
-/// Returns `MyNone` if the option is `MyNone`, otherwise calls `f` with the wrapped value and returns the result.
-///
-/// Some languages call this operation flatmap.
-///
-/// # Examples
-///
-/// ```
-/// use cs220::assignments::assignment03::{MyOption, my_and_then};
-///
-/// fn pos_then_to_string(x: isize) -> MyOption<String> {
-///     if x > 0 {
-///         MyOption::MySome(x.to_string())
-///     } else {
-///         MyOption::MyNone
-///     }
-/// }
-///
-/// assert_eq!(my_and_then(MyOption::MySome(2), pos_then_to_string), MyOption::MySome(2.to_string()));
-/// assert_eq!(my_and_then(MyOption::MySome(-3), pos_then_to_string), MyOption::MyNone);
-/// assert_eq!(my_and_then(MyOption::MyNone, pos_then_to_string), MyOption::MyNone);
-/// ```
-pub fn my_and_then<T, U, F: FnOnce(T) -> MyOption<U>>(v: MyOption<T>, f: F) -> MyOption<U> {
-    todo!()
-}
-
 /// Given a list of integers, returns its median (when sorted, the value in the middle position).
 ///
 /// For a data set `x` of `n` elements, the median can be defined as follows:
@@ -166,3 +107,24 @@ pub fn piglatin(input: String) -> String {
 pub fn organize(commands: Vec<String>) -> HashMap<String, HashSet<String>> {
     todo!()
 }
+
+/// Events in a text editor.
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub enum TypeEvent {
+    /// A character is typed.
+    Type(char),
+    /// The last character is removed.
+    Backspace,
+    /// The whole string is copied to the clipboard.
+    Copy,
+    /// The string in the clipboard is appended.
+    Paste,
+}
+
+/// Starting from an empty string and an empty clipboard,
+/// processes the given `events` in order and returns the resulting string.
+///
+/// See the test function `test_editor` for examples.
+pub fn use_editor(events: Vec<TypeEvent>) -> String {
+    todo!()
+}

src/assignments/assignment03/small_exercises_grade.rs

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod test {
-    use super::super::assignment03::*;
+    use crate::assignments::assignment03::small_exercises::*;
 
     #[test]
     fn test_next_weekday() {
@@ -13,52 +13,6 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(next_weekday(DayOfWeek::Sat), DayOfWeek::Mon);
     }
 
-    #[test]
-    fn test_my_map() {
-        use MyOption::*;
-
-        fn len(s: &str) -> usize {
-            s.len()
-        }
-
-        fn plus_one(x: isize) -> isize {
-            x + 1
-        }
-
-        fn is_positive(x: f64) -> bool {
-            x > 0.0f64
-        }
-
-        assert_eq!(my_map(MySome("Hello, World!"), len), MySome(13));
-        assert_eq!(my_map(MyNone, len), MyNone);
-
-        assert_eq!(my_map(MySome(1), plus_one), MySome(2));
-        assert_eq!(my_map(MyNone, plus_one), MyNone);
-
-        assert_eq!(my_map(MySome(5.0f64), is_positive), MySome(true));
-        assert_eq!(my_map(MySome(-3.0f64), is_positive), MySome(false));
-        assert_eq!(my_map(MyNone::<f64>, is_positive), MyNone);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_my_and_then() {
-        use MyOption::*;
-
-        fn plus_one(x: isize) -> MyOption<isize> {
-            MySome(x + 1)
-        }
-
-        fn none(_: isize) -> MyOption<isize> {
-            MyNone
-        }
-
-        assert_eq!(my_and_then(MySome(1), plus_one), MySome(2));
-        assert_eq!(my_and_then(MySome(1), none), MyNone);
-
-        assert_eq!(my_and_then(MyNone, plus_one), MyNone);
-        assert_eq!(my_and_then(MyNone, none), MyNone);
-    }
-
     #[test]
     fn test_median() {
         assert_eq!(median(vec![]), None);
@@ -165,4 +119,61 @@ mod test {
             .into()
         );
     }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_editor() {
+        assert_eq!(
+            use_editor(vec![
+                TypeEvent::Type('a'),
+                TypeEvent::Backspace,
+                TypeEvent::Backspace,
+                TypeEvent::Type('b'),
+                TypeEvent::Type('c')
+            ]),
+            "bc"
+        );
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            use_editor(vec![
+                TypeEvent::Type('a'),
+                TypeEvent::Copy,
+                TypeEvent::Paste,
+                TypeEvent::Paste,
+                TypeEvent::Type('b'),
+                TypeEvent::Copy,
+                TypeEvent::Paste
+            ]),
+            "aaabaaab"
+        );
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            use_editor(vec![
+                TypeEvent::Paste, // clipboard starts empty
+                TypeEvent::Type('a'),
+                TypeEvent::Type('n'),
+                TypeEvent::Copy,
+                TypeEvent::Backspace,
+                TypeEvent::Backspace,
+                TypeEvent::Type('b'),
+                TypeEvent::Paste,
+                TypeEvent::Paste,
+                TypeEvent::Paste,
+                TypeEvent::Backspace
+            ]),
+            "banana"
+        );
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            use_editor(vec![
+                TypeEvent::Copy,
+                TypeEvent::Backspace,
+                TypeEvent::Backspace,
+                TypeEvent::Paste,
+                TypeEvent::Paste,
+                TypeEvent::Copy,
+                TypeEvent::Backspace
+            ]),
+            ""
+        );
+    }
 }

src/assignments/assignment04/grade.rs

@@ -1,8 +1,7 @@
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod test {
     use crate::assignments::assignment04::syntax::*;
-
+    use crate::assignments::assignment04::*;
-    use super::super::assignment04::*;
 
     #[test]
     fn test_parse() {

src/assignments/assignment04/mod.rs

@@ -12,9 +12,10 @@
 //! For calculator, just reading `syntax.rs` would suffice for you to understand what to do.
 //!
 //! You should fill out the `todo!()` placeholders in such a way that `/scripts/grade-04.sh` works fine.
-//! See `assignment04_grade.rs` and `/scripts/grade-04.sh` for the test script.
+//! See `assignment04/grade.rs` and `/scripts/grade-04.sh` for the test script.
 //! Run `/scripts/prepare-submissions.sh` and submit `/target/assignment04.zip` to <https://gg.kaist.ac.kr>.
 
 pub mod context;
+mod grade;
 pub mod parser;
 pub mod syntax;

src/assignments/assignment06/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+//! Assignment 6: Mastering advanced types (1/2).
+//!
+//! The primary goal of this assignment is to understand generics, traits, and lifetimes.
+//!
+//! You should fill out the `todo!()` placeholders in such a way that `/scripts/grade-06.sh` works fine.
+//! See `assignment06/*_grade.rs` and `/scripts/grade-06.sh` for the test script.
+
+pub mod semiring;
+pub mod symbolic_differentiation;
+
+mod semiring_grade;
+mod symbolic_differentiation_grade;

src/assignments/assignment06/semiring.rs

@@ -1,9 +1,4 @@
-//! Assignment 6: Mastering advanced types (1/2).
+//! Semiring
-//!
-//! The primary goal of this assignment is to understand generics, traits, and lifetimes.
-//!
-//! You should fill out the `todo!()` placeholders in such a way that `/scripts/grade-06.sh` works fine.
-//! See `assignment06_grade.rs` and `/scripts/grade-06.sh` for the test script.
 
 use std::{collections::HashMap, fmt::Debug};
 
@@ -123,12 +118,6 @@ impl<C: Semiring> Semiring for Polynomial<C> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<C: Semiring> From<C> for Polynomial<C> {
-    fn from(value: C) -> Self {
-        todo!()
-    }
-}
-
 impl<C: Semiring> Polynomial<C> {
     /// Constructs polynomial `x`.
     pub fn x() -> Self {
@@ -139,4 +128,41 @@ impl<C: Semiring> Polynomial<C> {
     pub fn eval(&self, value: C) -> C {
         todo!()
     }
+
+    /// Constructs polynomial `ax^n`.
+    pub fn term(a: C, n: u64) -> Self {
+        todo!()
+    }
+}
+
+impl<C: Semiring> From<C> for Polynomial<C> {
+    fn from(value: C) -> Self {
+        todo!()
+    }
+}
+
+/// Given a string `s`, parse it into a `Polynomial<C>`.
+/// You may assume that `s` follows the criteria below.
+/// Therefore, you do not have to return `Err`.
+///
+/// Assumptions:
+/// - Each term is separated by ` + `.
+/// - Each term is one of the following form:
+///   `a`, `x`, `ax`, `x^n`, and `ax^n`,
+///   where `a` is a `usize` number and `n` is a `u64` number.
+///   This `a` should then be converted to a `C` type.
+/// - In `a`, it is guaranteed that `a >= 1`.
+/// - In `ax` and `ax^n`, it is guaranteed that `a >= 2`.
+/// - In `x^n` and `ax^n`, it is guaranteed that `n >= 2`.
+/// - All terms have unique degrees.
+///
+/// Consult `assignment06/grade.rs` for example valid strings.
+///
+/// Hint: `.split`, `.parse`, and `Polynomial::term`
+impl<C: Semiring> std::str::FromStr for Polynomial<C> {
+    type Err = (); // Ignore this for now...
+
+    fn from_str(s: &str) -> Result<Self, Self::Err> {
+        todo!()
+    }
 }

src/assignments/assignment06/semiring_grade.rs

@@ -1,6 +1,14 @@
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod test {
-    use super::super::assignment06::*;
+    use crate::assignments::assignment06::semiring::*;
+    use ntest::assert_about_eq;
+
+    fn test_from_str(s: &str, f: impl Fn(i64) -> i64) {
+        let poly = s.parse::<Polynomial<i64>>().unwrap();
+        for i in 0..10 {
+            assert_eq!(poly.eval(i), f(i));
+        }
+    }
 
     fn test_polynomial<T: Semiring>() {
         // x^2 + 5x + 6
@@ -21,6 +29,43 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(value, from_usize(13 * 13 + 5 * 13 + 6));
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn test_123() {
+        test_from_str("123", |x| 123);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_x() {
+        test_from_str("x", |x| x);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_24x() {
+        test_from_str("24x", |x| 24 * x);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_2x_3() {
+        test_from_str("2x + 3", |x| 2 * x + 3);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_x3() {
+        test_from_str("x^3", |x| x * x * x);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_2x3_3x2_5x_12() {
+        test_from_str("2x^3 + 3x^2 + 5x + 12", |x| {
+            2 * x * x * x + 3 * x * x + 5 * x + 12
+        });
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_x5_1() {
+        test_from_str("x^5 + 1", |x| x * x * x * x * x + 1);
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn test_polynomial_u64() {
         test_polynomial::<u64>();

src/assignments/assignment06/symbolic_differentiation.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,365 @@
+//! Symbolic differentiation with rational coefficents.
+
+use std::fmt;
+use std::ops::*;
+
+/// Rational number represented by two isize, numerator and denominator.
+///
+/// Each Rational number should be normalized so that `demoninator` is nonnegative and `numerator` and `demoninator` are coprime.
+/// See [`normalize`] for examples. As a corner case, 0 is represented by Rational { numerator: 0, demoninator: 0 }.
+///
+/// For "natural use", Rational also overloads standard arithmetic operations, i.e, `+`, `-`, `*`, `/`.
+///
+/// See [here](https://doc.rust-lang.org/core/ops/index.html) for details.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct Rational {
+    numerator: isize,
+    denominator: isize,
+}
+
+// Some useful constants.
+
+/// Zero
+pub const ZERO: Rational = Rational::new(0, 0);
+/// One
+pub const ONE: Rational = Rational::new(1, 1);
+/// Minus one
+pub const MINUS_ONE: Rational = Rational::new(-1, 1);
+
+impl Rational {
+    /// Creates a new rational number.
+    pub const fn new(numerator: isize, denominator: isize) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            numerator,
+            denominator,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Add for Rational {
+    type Output = Self;
+
+    fn add(self, rhs: Self) -> Self::Output {
+        todo!()
+    }
+}
+
+impl Mul for Rational {
+    type Output = Self;
+
+    fn mul(self, rhs: Self) -> Self::Output {
+        todo!()
+    }
+}
+
+impl Sub for Rational {
+    type Output = Self;
+
+    fn sub(self, rhs: Self) -> Self::Output {
+        todo!()
+    }
+}
+
+impl Div for Rational {
+    type Output = Self;
+
+    fn div(self, rhs: Self) -> Self::Output {
+        todo!()
+    }
+}
+
+/// Differentiable functions.
+///
+/// For simplicity, we only consider infinitely differentiable functions.
+pub trait Differentiable: Clone {
+    /// Differentiate.
+    ///
+    /// Since the return type is `Self`, this trait can only be implemented
+    /// for types that are closed under differentiation.
+    fn diff(&self) -> Self;
+}
+
+impl Differentiable for Rational {
+    /// HINT: Consult <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differentiation_rules#Constant_term_rule>
+    fn diff(&self) -> Self {
+        todo!()
+    }
+}
+
+/// Singleton polynomial.
+///
+/// Unlike regular polynomials, this type only represents a single term.
+/// The `Const` variant is included to make `Polynomial` closed under differentiation.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub enum SingletonPolynomial {
+    /// Constant polynomial.
+    Const(Rational),
+    /// Non-const polynomial.
+    Polynomial {
+        /// coefficent of polynomial. Must be non-zero.
+        coeff: Rational,
+        /// power of polynomial. Must be non-zero.
+        power: Rational,
+    },
+}
+
+impl SingletonPolynomial {
+    /// Creates a new const polynomial.
+    pub fn new_c(r: Rational) -> Self {
+        todo!()
+    }
+
+    /// Creates a new polynomial.
+    pub fn new_poly(coeff: Rational, power: Rational) -> Self {
+        todo!()
+    }
+}
+
+impl Differentiable for SingletonPolynomial {
+    /// HINT: Consult <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_rule>
+    fn diff(&self) -> Self {
+        todo!()
+    }
+}
+
+/// Expoential function.(`e^x`)
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct Exp;
+
+impl Exp {
+    /// Creates a new exponential function.
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        todo!()
+    }
+}
+
+impl Default for Exp {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self::new()
+    }
+}
+
+impl Differentiable for Exp {
+    /// HINT: Consult <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differentiation_rules#Derivatives_of_exponential_and_logarithmic_functions>
+    fn diff(&self) -> Self {
+        todo!()
+    }
+}
+
+/// Trigonometric functions.
+///
+/// The trig fucntions carry their coefficents to be closed under differntiation.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub enum Trignometric {
+    /// Sine function.
+    Sine {
+        /// Coefficent
+        coeff: Rational,
+    },
+    /// Sine function.
+    Cosine {
+        /// Coefficent
+        coeff: Rational,
+    },
+}
+
+impl Trignometric {
+    /// Creates a new sine function.
+    pub fn new_sine(coeff: Rational) -> Self {
+        todo!()
+    }
+
+    /// Creates a new cosine function.
+    pub fn new_cosine(coeff: Rational) -> Self {
+        todo!()
+    }
+}
+
+impl Differentiable for Trignometric {
+    /// HINT: Consult <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differentiation_rules#Derivatives_of_trigonometric_functions>
+    fn diff(&self) -> Self {
+        todo!()
+    }
+}
+
+/// Basic functions
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub enum BaseFuncs {
+    /// Constant
+    Const(Rational),
+    /// Polynomial
+    Poly(SingletonPolynomial),
+    /// Exponential
+    Exp(Exp),
+    /// Trignometirc
+    Trig(Trignometric),
+}
+
+impl Differentiable for BaseFuncs {
+    fn diff(&self) -> Self {
+        todo!()
+    }
+}
+
+/// Complex functions.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub enum ComplexFuncs<F> {
+    /// Basic functions
+    Func(F),
+    /// Addition
+    Add(Box<ComplexFuncs<F>>, Box<ComplexFuncs<F>>),
+    /// Subtraction
+    Sub(Box<ComplexFuncs<F>>, Box<ComplexFuncs<F>>),
+    /// Multipliciation
+    Mul(Box<ComplexFuncs<F>>, Box<ComplexFuncs<F>>),
+    /// Division
+    Div(Box<ComplexFuncs<F>>, Box<ComplexFuncs<F>>),
+    /// Composition
+    Comp(Box<ComplexFuncs<F>>, Box<ComplexFuncs<F>>),
+}
+
+impl<F: Differentiable> Differentiable for Box<F> {
+    fn diff(&self) -> Self {
+        todo!()
+    }
+}
+
+impl<F: Differentiable> Differentiable for ComplexFuncs<F> {
+    /// HINT: Consult <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differentiation_rules#Elementary_rules_of_differentiation>
+    fn diff(&self) -> Self {
+        todo!()
+    }
+}
+
+/// Evaluate functions.
+pub trait Evaluate {
+    ///  Evaluate `self` at `x`.
+    fn evaluate(&self, x: f64) -> f64;
+}
+
+impl Evaluate for Rational {
+    fn evaluate(&self, x: f64) -> f64 {
+        todo!()
+    }
+}
+
+impl Evaluate for SingletonPolynomial {
+    fn evaluate(&self, x: f64) -> f64 {
+        todo!()
+    }
+}
+
+impl Evaluate for Exp {
+    fn evaluate(&self, x: f64) -> f64 {
+        todo!()
+    }
+}
+
+impl Evaluate for Trignometric {
+    fn evaluate(&self, x: f64) -> f64 {
+        todo!()
+    }
+}
+
+impl Evaluate for BaseFuncs {
+    fn evaluate(&self, x: f64) -> f64 {
+        todo!()
+    }
+}
+
+impl<F: Evaluate> Evaluate for ComplexFuncs<F> {
+    fn evaluate(&self, x: f64) -> f64 {
+        todo!()
+    }
+}
+
+impl fmt::Display for Rational {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        if *self == ZERO {
+            return write!(f, "0");
+        } else if self.denominator == 1 {
+            return write!(f, "{}", self.numerator);
+        }
+        write!(f, "{}/{}", self.numerator, self.denominator)
+    }
+}
+
+impl fmt::Display for SingletonPolynomial {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        match self {
+            Self::Const(r) => write!(f, "{r}"),
+            Self::Polynomial { coeff, power } => {
+                // coeff or power is zero
+                if *coeff == ZERO {
+                    return write!(f, "0");
+                } else if *power == ZERO {
+                    return write!(f, "{coeff}");
+                }
+
+                // Standard form of px^q
+                let coeff = if *coeff == ONE {
+                    "".to_string()
+                } else if *coeff == MINUS_ONE {
+                    "-".to_string()
+                } else {
+                    format!("({coeff})")
+                };
+                let var = if *power == ONE {
+                    "x".to_string()
+                } else {
+                    format!("x^({power})")
+                };
+                write!(f, "{coeff}{var}")
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl fmt::Display for Exp {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        write!(f, "exp(x)")
+    }
+}
+
+impl fmt::Display for Trignometric {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        let (func, coeff) = match self {
+            Trignometric::Sine { coeff } => ("sin(x)", coeff),
+            Trignometric::Cosine { coeff } => ("cos(x)", coeff),
+        };
+
+        if *coeff == ZERO {
+            write!(f, "0")
+        } else if *coeff == ONE {
+            write!(f, "{func}")
+        } else if *coeff == MINUS_ONE {
+            write!(f, "-{func}")
+        } else {
+            write!(f, "({coeff}){func}")
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl fmt::Display for BaseFuncs {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        match self {
+            Self::Const(r) => write!(f, "{r}"),
+            Self::Poly(p) => write!(f, "{p}"),
+            Self::Exp(e) => write!(f, "{e}"),
+            Self::Trig(t) => write!(f, "{t}"),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<F: Differentiable + fmt::Display> fmt::Display for ComplexFuncs<F> {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        match self {
+            ComplexFuncs::Func(func) => write!(f, "{func}"),
+            ComplexFuncs::Add(l, r) => write!(f, "({l} + {r})"),
+            ComplexFuncs::Sub(l, r) => write!(f, "({l} - {r})"),
+            ComplexFuncs::Mul(l, r) => write!(f, "({l} * {r})"),
+            ComplexFuncs::Div(l, r) => write!(f, "({l} / {r})"),
+            ComplexFuncs::Comp(l, r) => write!(f, "({l} ∘ {r})"),
+        }
+    }
+}

src/assignments/assignment06/symbolic_differentiation_grade.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,216 @@
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod test {
+    use crate::assignments::assignment06::symbolic_differentiation::*;
+    use ntest::assert_about_eq;
+
+    // Constant rationals to use
+    const TWO: Rational = Rational::new(2, 1);
+    const FOUR: Rational = Rational::new(4, 1);
+    const THIRD: Rational = Rational::new(1, 3);
+    const FIVE_THIRD: Rational = Rational::new(5, 3);
+    const TWO_SEVENTH: Rational = Rational::new(2, 7);
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_rational_simpl() {
+        assert_eq!(format!("{}", Rational::new(1, 2)), "1/2".to_string());
+
+        assert_eq!(format!("{}", Rational::new(0, 0)), "0".to_string());
+
+        assert_eq!(format!("{}", Rational::new(1, 1)), "1".to_string());
+
+        assert_eq!(format!("{}", Rational::new(-3, 7)), "-3/7".to_string());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_rational_arithmetic() {
+        assert_eq!(
+            format!("{}", Rational::new(1, 4) + Rational::new(3, 4)),
+            "1".to_string()
+        );
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            format!("{}", Rational::new(1, 3) + Rational::new(1, 6)),
+            "1/2".to_string()
+        );
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            format!("{}", Rational::new(1, 5) - Rational::new(1, 2)),
+            "-3/10".to_string()
+        );
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            format!("{}", Rational::new(-5, 12) * Rational::new(6, 125)),
+            "-1/50".to_string()
+        );
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            format!("{}", Rational::new(-3, 4) / Rational::new(-7, 13)),
+            "39/28".to_string()
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_rational_arithmetic_long() {
+        assert_eq!(
+            format!(
+                "{}",
+                Rational::new(1, 2) + Rational::new(1, 2) + Rational::new(1, 2)
+            ),
+            "3/2".to_string()
+        );
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            format!(
+                "{}",
+                Rational::new(1, 2) - Rational::new(1, 4) + Rational::new(1, 5)
+            ),
+            "9/20".to_string()
+        );
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            format!(
+                "{}",
+                Rational::new(1, 2)
+                    * Rational::new(1, 4)
+                    * Rational::new(1, 8)
+                    * Rational::new(1, 16)
+                    / Rational::new(1, 1024)
+            ),
+            "1".to_string()
+        );
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            format!(
+                "{}",
+                Rational::new(123, 798)
+                    + Rational::new(684, 32) / (Rational::new(13, 44) - Rational::new(123, 4472))
+                        * Rational::new(1237, 2)
+            ),
+            "12356494070/250439".to_string()
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_differentiate_simple() {
+        // Constant
+        assert_eq!(format!("{}", Rational::new(3, 2).diff()), "0".to_string());
+
+        // Polynomials
+        assert_eq!(
+            format!("{}", SingletonPolynomial::new_c(Rational::new(3, 1)).diff()),
+            "0".to_string()
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            format!("{}", SingletonPolynomial::new_poly(TWO, FOUR).diff()),
+            "(8)x^(3)".to_string()
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            format!(
+                "{}",
+                SingletonPolynomial::new_poly(FIVE_THIRD, THIRD).diff()
+            ),
+            "(5/9)x^(-2/3)".to_string()
+        );
+
+        // Exponential
+        assert_eq!(format!("{}", Exp::new().diff()), "exp(x)".to_string());
+
+        // Trigonometric
+        assert_eq!(
+            format!("{}", Trignometric::new_sine(ONE).diff()),
+            "cos(x)".to_string()
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            format!("{}", Trignometric::new_cosine(ONE).diff()),
+            "-sin(x)".to_string()
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            format!("{}", Trignometric::new_sine(FIVE_THIRD).diff()),
+            "(5/3)cos(x)".to_string()
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            format!("{}", Trignometric::new_cosine(TWO_SEVENTH).diff()),
+            "(-2/7)sin(x)".to_string()
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_differentiate_complex() {
+        type BF = BaseFuncs;
+        type CF = ComplexFuncs<BF>;
+
+        // Unlike the above simple test, it is hard to state a canonical
+        // form for derivative of more complex functions. Thus, we only test that the
+        // derivative is correct at certain points.
+
+        // Add
+        //
+        // d/dx (2x^4 + exp(x)) = 8x^3 + exp(x)
+        let f1 = SingletonPolynomial::new_poly(TWO, FOUR);
+        let f2 = Exp::new();
+        let deriv = CF::Add(
+            Box::new(CF::Func(BF::Poly(f1))),
+            Box::new(CF::Func(BF::Exp(f2))),
+        )
+        .diff();
+        assert_about_eq!(deriv.evaluate(2.2), 94.2090134994f64);
+        assert_about_eq!(deriv.evaluate(4.5), 819.017131301);
+
+        // Sub
+        //
+        // d/dx ((5/3)cos(x) - sin(x)) = (-5/3)sin(x) - cos(x)
+        let f1 = Trignometric::new_cosine(FIVE_THIRD);
+        let f2 = Trignometric::new_sine(ONE);
+        let deriv = CF::Sub(
+            Box::new(CF::Func(BF::Trig(f1))),
+            Box::new(CF::Func(BF::Trig(f2))),
+        )
+        .diff();
+        assert_about_eq!(deriv.evaluate(2.7), 0.191772341627);
+        assert_about_eq!(deriv.evaluate(0.01), -1.01661638931);
+
+        // Mult
+        //
+        // d/dx (2x^4 * cos(x) * exp(x)) =
+        // 8x^2 * cos(x) * exp(x) - 2x^4 * sin(x) * exp(x) + 2x^4 * cos(x) * exp(x)
+        let f1 = SingletonPolynomial::new_poly(TWO, FOUR);
+        let f2 = Trignometric::new_cosine(ONE);
+        let f3 = Exp::new();
+        let deriv = CF::Mul(
+            Box::new(CF::Func(BF::Poly(f1))),
+            Box::new(CF::Mul(
+                Box::new(CF::Func(BF::Trig(f2))),
+                Box::new(CF::Func(BF::Exp(f3))),
+            )),
+        )
+        .diff();
+        assert_about_eq!(deriv.evaluate(3.4), -14804.9016757);
+        assert_about_eq!(deriv.evaluate(0.07), 0.00298352866);
+
+        // Div
+        //
+        // (d/dx) (sin(x)/cos(x)) = (cos(x)*cos(x) + sin(x)*sin(x)) / cos(x)*cos(x)
+        let f1 = Trignometric::new_sine(ONE);
+        let f2 = Trignometric::new_cosine(ONE);
+        let deriv = CF::Div(
+            Box::new(CF::Func(BF::Trig(f1))),
+            Box::new(CF::Func(BF::Trig(f2))),
+        )
+        .diff();
+        assert_about_eq!(deriv.evaluate(core::f64::consts::PI), 1f64);
+        assert_about_eq!(deriv.evaluate(0f64), 1f64);
+
+        // Comp
+        //
+        // d/dx (cos(x^2)) = -2x * sin(x^2)
+        let f1 = Trignometric::new_cosine(ONE);
+        let f2 = SingletonPolynomial::new_poly(ONE, TWO);
+        let deriv = CF::Comp(
+            Box::new(CF::Func(BF::Trig(f1))),
+            Box::new(CF::Func(BF::Poly(f2))),
+        )
+        .diff();
+        assert_about_eq!(deriv.evaluate(2.714), -4.79392977);
+        assert_about_eq!(deriv.evaluate(3.9), -3.72556973);
+    }
+}

src/assignments/assignment07.rs

@@ -1,29 +0,0 @@
-//! Assignment 7: Mastering advanced types (2/2).
-//!
-//! The primary goal of this assignment is to understand generics, traits, and lifetimes.
-//!
-//! You should fill out the `todo!()` placeholders in such a way that `/scripts/grade-07.sh` works fine.
-//! See `assignment07_grade.rs` and `/scripts/grade-07.sh` for the test script.
-
-struct FindIter<'s, T: Eq> {
-    query: &'s [T],
-    base: &'s [T],
-    curr: usize,
-}
-
-impl<T: Eq> Iterator for FindIter<'_, T> {
-    type Item = usize;
-
-    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
-        todo!()
-    }
-}
-
-/// Returns an iterator over substring query indexes in the base.
-pub fn find<'s, T: Eq>(query: &'s [T], base: &'s [T]) -> impl 's + Iterator<Item = usize> {
-    FindIter {
-        query,
-        base,
-        curr: 0,
-    }
-}

src/assignments/assignment07/generator.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+//! Generators
+//!
+//! HINT: Look at the `generator_grade.rs` file to see how the generator is used.
+
+/// Yielded value. It can be either a value or a stop signal.
+enum Yielded<T> {
+    Value(T),
+    Stop,
+}
+
+/// Generator
+/// - You can call `next()` method to get the next value.
+/// - The generator should stop when it yields `Yielded::Stop`.
+///
+/// Reference:
+/// - [Python generator](https://python-reference.readthedocs.io/en/latest/docs/generator/)
+#[allow(missing_debug_implementations)]
+pub struct Generator<T, S> {
+    state: S,
+    f: fn(&mut S) -> Yielded<T>,
+}
+
+impl<T, S> Iterator for Generator<T, S> {
+    type Item = T;
+
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        todo!()
+    }
+}
+
+/// Returns a generator that yields fibonacci numbers.
+///
+/// HINT: Consult <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibonacci_sequence>
+pub fn fib_generator(first: usize, second: usize) -> Generator<usize, (usize, usize)> {
+    todo!()
+}
+
+/// Returns a generator that yields collatz numbers.
+///
+/// HINT: Consult <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collatz_conjecture>
+pub fn collatz_conjecture(start: usize) -> Generator<usize, usize> {
+    todo!()
+}

src/assignments/assignment07/generator_grade.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod test {
+    use itertools::Itertools;
+    use ntest::assert_about_eq;
+
+    use crate::assignments::assignment07::generator::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_generator() {
+        assert_eq!(
+            fib_generator(0, 1).take(10).collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+            vec![0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34]
+        );
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            collatz_conjecture(12).collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+            vec![12, 6, 3, 10, 5, 16, 8, 4, 2, 1]
+        );
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            collatz_conjecture(19).collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+            vec![19, 58, 29, 88, 44, 22, 11, 34, 17, 52, 26, 13, 40, 20, 10, 5, 16, 8, 4, 2, 1]
+        );
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            collatz_conjecture(27).collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+            vec![
+                27, 82, 41, 124, 62, 31, 94, 47, 142, 71, 214, 107, 322, 161, 484, 242, 121, 364,
+                182, 91, 274, 137, 412, 206, 103, 310, 155, 466, 233, 700, 350, 175, 526, 263, 790,
+                395, 1186, 593, 1780, 890, 445, 1336, 668, 334, 167, 502, 251, 754, 377, 1132, 566,
+                283, 850, 425, 1276, 638, 319, 958, 479, 1438, 719, 2158, 1079, 3238, 1619, 4858,
+                2429, 7288, 3644, 1822, 911, 2734, 1367, 4102, 2051, 6154, 3077, 9232, 4616, 2308,
+                1154, 577, 1732, 866, 433, 1300, 650, 325, 976, 488, 244, 122, 61, 184, 92, 46, 23,
+                70, 35, 106, 53, 160, 80, 40, 20, 10, 5, 16, 8, 4, 2, 1
+            ]
+        );
+    }
+}

src/assignments/assignment07/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+//! Assignment 7: Mastering advanced types (2/2).
+//!
+//! The primary goal of this assignment is to understand generics, traits, and lifetimes.
+//!
+//! You should fill out the `todo!()` placeholders in such a way that `/scripts/grade-07.sh` works fine.
+//! See `assignment07/*_grade.rs` and `/scripts/grade-07.sh` for the test script.
+
+pub mod generator;
+pub mod my_itertools;
+pub mod small_exercises;
+pub mod transform;
+
+mod generator_grade;
+mod my_itertools_grade;
+mod small_exercises_grade;
+mod transform_grade;

src/assignments/assignment07/my_itertools.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,117 @@
+//! Implement your own minimal `itertools` crate.
+
+use std::hash::Hash;
+
+/// Iterator that iterates over the given iterator and returns only unique elements.
+#[allow(missing_debug_implementations)]
+pub struct Unique<I: Iterator> {
+    // TODO: remove `_marker` and add necessary fields as you want
+    _marker: std::marker::PhantomData<I>,
+}
+
+impl<I: Iterator> Iterator for Unique<I>
+where
+    I::Item: Eq + Hash + Clone,
+{
+    type Item = I::Item;
+
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        todo!()
+    }
+}
+
+/// Iterator that chains two iterators together.
+#[allow(missing_debug_implementations)]
+pub struct Chain<I1: Iterator, I2: Iterator> {
+    // TODO: remove `_marker` and add necessary fields as you want
+    _marker: std::marker::PhantomData<(I1, I2)>,
+}
+
+impl<T: Eq + Hash + Clone, I1: Iterator<Item = T>, I2: Iterator<Item = T>> Iterator
+    for Chain<I1, I2>
+{
+    type Item = T;
+
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        todo!()
+    }
+}
+
+/// Iterator that iterates over given iterator and enumerates each element.
+#[allow(missing_debug_implementations)]
+pub struct Enumerate<I: Iterator> {
+    // TODO: remove `_marker` and add necessary fields as you want
+    _marker: std::marker::PhantomData<I>,
+}
+
+impl<I: Iterator> Iterator for Enumerate<I> {
+    type Item = (usize, I::Item);
+
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        todo!()
+    }
+}
+
+/// Iterator that zips two iterators together.
+///
+/// If one iterator is longer than the other one, the remaining elements for the longer element
+/// should be ignored.
+#[allow(missing_debug_implementations)]
+pub struct Zip<I1: Iterator, I2: Iterator> {
+    // TODO: remove `_marker` and add necessary fields as you want
+    _marker: std::marker::PhantomData<(I1, I2)>,
+}
+
+impl<I1: Iterator, I2: Iterator> Iterator for Zip<I1, I2> {
+    type Item = (I1::Item, I2::Item);
+
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        todo!()
+    }
+}
+
+/// My Itertools trait.
+pub trait MyIterTools: Iterator {
+    /// Returns an iterator that iterates over the `self` and returns only unique elements.
+    fn my_unique(self) -> Unique<Self>
+    where
+        Self: Sized,
+    {
+        todo!()
+    }
+
+    /// Returns an iterator that chains `self` and `other` together.
+    fn my_chain<I: Iterator>(self, other: I) -> Chain<Self, I>
+    where
+        Self: Sized,
+    {
+        todo!()
+    }
+
+    /// Returns an iterator that iterates over `self` and enumerates each element.
+    fn my_enumerate(self) -> Enumerate<Self>
+    where
+        Self: Sized,
+    {
+        todo!()
+    }
+
+    /// Returns an iterator that zips `self` and `other` together.
+    fn my_zip<I: Iterator>(self, other: I) -> Zip<Self, I>
+    where
+        Self: Sized,
+    {
+        todo!()
+    }
+
+    /// Foldleft for `MyIterTools`
+    fn my_fold<T, F>(mut self, init: T, mut f: F) -> T
+    where
+        Self: Sized,
+        F: FnMut(Self::Item, T) -> T,
+    {
+        todo!()
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: ?Sized> MyIterTools for T where T: Iterator {}

src/assignments/assignment07/my_itertools_grade.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod test {
+    use itertools::Itertools;
+    use ntest::assert_about_eq;
+
+    use crate::assignments::assignment07::my_itertools::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_itertools() {
+        assert_eq!(
+            [10, 1, 1, 1, 2, 3, 4, 1, 3, 2]
+                .into_iter()
+                .my_chain(std::iter::repeat(100))
+                .my_unique()
+                .take(4)
+                .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+            vec![10, 1, 2, 3]
+        );
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            std::iter::repeat(5)
+                .my_enumerate()
+                .map(|(i, e)| { i * e })
+                .take(5)
+                .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+            vec![0, 5, 10, 15, 20]
+        );
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            vec![0, 1, 10, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,],
+            [0, 1, 10].into_iter().my_chain(0..10).collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        );
+
+        let it = || (1..=5).cycle().my_zip((1..=3).cycle()).map(|(x, y)| x * y);
+        let take15 = vec![
+            2,  // 1 * 1,
+            4,  // 2 * 2,
+            9,  // 3 * 3,
+            4,  // 4 * 1,
+            10, // 5 * 2,
+            3,  // 1 * 3,
+            2,  // 2 * 1,
+            6,  // 3 * 2,
+            12, // 4 * 3,
+            5,  // 5 * 1,
+            2,  // 1 * 2,
+            6,  // 2 * 3,
+            3,  // 3 * 1,
+            8,  // 4 * 2,
+            15, // 5 * 3,
+        ];
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            // 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5
+            // 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
+            it().take(15).collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+            take15
+        );
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            it().take(15).my_fold(0, |elt, acc| elt + acc),
+            take15.iter().sum()
+        );
+    }
+}

src/assignments/assignment07/small_exercises.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,119 @@
+//! Implement functions usint `Iterator` trait
+
+struct FindIter<'s, T: Eq> {
+    query: &'s [T],
+    base: &'s [T],
+    curr: usize,
+}
+
+impl<T: Eq> Iterator for FindIter<'_, T> {
+    type Item = usize;
+
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        todo!()
+    }
+}
+
+/// Returns an iterator over substring query indexes in the base.
+pub fn find<'s, T: Eq>(query: &'s [T], base: &'s [T]) -> impl 's + Iterator<Item = usize> {
+    FindIter {
+        query,
+        base,
+        curr: 0,
+    }
+}
+
+/// Implement generic fibonacci iterator
+struct FibIter<T> {
+    // TODO: remove `_marker` and add necessary fields as you want
+    _marker: std::marker::PhantomData<T>,
+}
+
+impl<T: std::ops::Add<Output = T> + Copy> FibIter<T> {
+    fn new(first: T, second: T) -> Self {
+        todo!()
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T> Iterator for FibIter<T>
+where
+    T: std::ops::Add<Output = T> + Copy,
+{
+    type Item = T;
+
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        todo!()
+    }
+}
+
+/// Returns and iterator over the generic fibonacci sequence starting from `first` and `second`.
+/// This is a generic version of `fibonacci` function, which works for any types that implements `std::ops::Add` trait.
+pub fn fib<T>(first: T, second: T) -> impl Iterator<Item = T>
+where
+    T: std::ops::Add<Output = T> + Copy,
+{
+    todo!("replace `std::iter::empty() with your owm implementation`");
+    std::iter::empty()
+}
+
+/// Endpoint of range, inclusive or exclusive.
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub enum Endpoint {
+    /// Inclusive endpoint
+    Inclusive(isize),
+
+    /// Exclusive endpoint
+    Exclusive(isize),
+}
+
+struct RangeIter {
+    // TODO: add necessary fields as you want
+}
+
+impl RangeIter {
+    fn new(endpoints: (Endpoint, Endpoint), step: isize) -> Self {
+        todo!()
+    }
+}
+
+impl Iterator for RangeIter {
+    type Item = isize;
+
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        todo!()
+    }
+}
+
+/// Returns an iterator over the range [left, right) with the given step.
+pub fn range(left: Endpoint, right: Endpoint, step: isize) -> impl Iterator<Item = isize> {
+    todo!("replace `std::iter::empty() with your owm implementation`");
+    std::iter::empty()
+}
+
+/// Write an iterator that returns all divisors of n in increasing order.
+/// Assume n > 0.
+///
+/// Hint: trying all candidates from 1 to n will most likely time out!
+/// To optimize it, make use of the following fact:
+/// if x is a divisor of n that is greater than sqrt(n),
+/// then n/x is a divisor of n that is smaller than sqrt(n).
+struct Divisors {
+    n: u64,
+    // TODO: you may define additional fields here
+}
+
+impl Iterator for Divisors {
+    type Item = u64;
+
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        todo!()
+    }
+}
+
+/// Returns an iterator over the divisors of n.
+pub fn divisors(n: u64) -> impl Iterator<Item = u64> {
+    Divisors {
+        n,
+        // TODO: you may define additional fields here
+    }
+}

src/assignments/assignment07/small_exercises_grade.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,189 @@
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod test {
+    use itertools::Itertools;
+    use ntest::assert_about_eq;
+
+    use crate::assignments::assignment07::small_exercises::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_find() {
+        assert_eq!(
+            find("abc".as_bytes(), "abcdabcd".as_bytes()).collect::<Vec<usize>>(),
+            vec![0, 4]
+        );
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            find("aaba".as_bytes(), "aabaacaadaabaaba".as_bytes()).collect::<Vec<usize>>(),
+            vec![0, 9, 12]
+        );
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            find("ababac".as_bytes(), "abababcabababcabababc".as_bytes()).collect::<Vec<usize>>(),
+            vec![]
+        );
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            find("ababc".as_bytes(), "abc".as_bytes()).collect::<Vec<usize>>(),
+            vec![]
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_find_usize() {
+        assert_eq!(
+            find(&[1, 2, 3], &[1, 2, 3, 4, 1, 2, 3, 4]).collect::<Vec<usize>>(),
+            vec![0, 4]
+        );
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            find(
+                &[5, 5, 7, 5],
+                &[5, 5, 7, 5, 5, 8, 5, 5, 9, 5, 5, 7, 5, 5, 7, 5]
+            )
+            .collect::<Vec<usize>>(),
+            vec![0, 9, 12]
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_fib_iter() {
+        assert_eq!(
+            fib(0, 1).take(10).collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+            vec![0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34]
+        );
+
+        #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone, Copy)]
+        struct Rgb(u8, u8, u8);
+
+        impl std::ops::Add for Rgb {
+            type Output = Self;
+
+            fn add(self, rhs: Self) -> Self::Output {
+                Self(
+                    ((self.0 as u16 + rhs.0 as u16) / 2) as u8,
+                    ((self.1 as u16 + rhs.1 as u16) / 2) as u8,
+                    ((self.2 as u16 + rhs.2 as u16) / 2) as u8,
+                )
+            }
+        }
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            fib(Rgb(255, 0, 100), Rgb(1, 128, 0))
+                .take(20)
+                .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+            vec![
+                Rgb(255, 0, 100),
+                Rgb(1, 128, 0),
+                Rgb(128, 64, 50),
+                Rgb(64, 96, 25),
+                Rgb(96, 80, 37),
+                Rgb(80, 88, 31),
+                Rgb(88, 84, 34),
+                Rgb(84, 86, 32),
+                Rgb(86, 85, 33),
+                Rgb(85, 85, 32),
+                Rgb(85, 85, 32),
+                Rgb(85, 85, 32),
+                Rgb(85, 85, 32),
+                Rgb(85, 85, 32),
+                Rgb(85, 85, 32),
+                Rgb(85, 85, 32),
+                Rgb(85, 85, 32),
+                Rgb(85, 85, 32),
+                Rgb(85, 85, 32),
+                Rgb(85, 85, 32)
+            ]
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_range_iter() {
+        let one_to_tens = vec![
+            vec![1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10],
+            range(Endpoint::Inclusive(1), Endpoint::Inclusive(10), 1).collect(),
+            range(Endpoint::Exclusive(0), Endpoint::Inclusive(10), 1).collect(),
+            range(Endpoint::Inclusive(1), Endpoint::Exclusive(11), 1).collect(),
+            range(Endpoint::Exclusive(0), Endpoint::Exclusive(11), 1).collect(),
+        ];
+        assert!(one_to_tens.iter().all_equal());
+
+        let ten_to_ones = vec![
+            vec![10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1],
+            range(Endpoint::Inclusive(10), Endpoint::Inclusive(1), -1).collect(),
+            range(Endpoint::Exclusive(11), Endpoint::Inclusive(1), -1).collect(),
+            range(Endpoint::Inclusive(10), Endpoint::Exclusive(0), -1).collect(),
+            range(Endpoint::Exclusive(11), Endpoint::Exclusive(0), -1).collect(),
+        ];
+        assert!(ten_to_ones.iter().all_equal());
+
+        let five_evens = vec![
+            vec![2, 4, 6, 8, 10],
+            range(Endpoint::Inclusive(2), Endpoint::Inclusive(10), 2).collect(),
+            range(Endpoint::Inclusive(2), Endpoint::Inclusive(11), 2).collect(),
+            range(Endpoint::Exclusive(1), Endpoint::Inclusive(10), 2).collect(),
+            range(Endpoint::Exclusive(1), Endpoint::Inclusive(11), 2).collect(),
+            range(Endpoint::Inclusive(2), Endpoint::Exclusive(11), 2).collect(),
+            range(Endpoint::Inclusive(2), Endpoint::Exclusive(12), 2).collect(),
+            range(Endpoint::Exclusive(1), Endpoint::Exclusive(11), 2).collect(),
+            range(Endpoint::Exclusive(1), Endpoint::Exclusive(12), 2).collect(),
+        ];
+        assert!(five_evens.iter().all_equal());
+
+        let emptys = vec![
+            vec![],
+            range(Endpoint::Inclusive(2), Endpoint::Inclusive(10), -1).collect(),
+            range(Endpoint::Inclusive(10), Endpoint::Inclusive(-100), 1).collect(),
+            range(Endpoint::Inclusive(1), Endpoint::Exclusive(1), 1).collect(),
+        ];
+        assert!(emptys.iter().all_equal());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_small() {
+        assert_eq!(divisors(10).collect::<Vec<u64>>(), vec![1, 2, 5, 10]);
+
+        assert_eq!(divisors(17).collect::<Vec<u64>>(), vec![1, 17]);
+
+        assert_eq!(divisors(49).collect::<Vec<u64>>(), vec![1, 7, 49]);
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            divisors(120).collect::<Vec<u64>>(),
+            vec![1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 15, 20, 24, 30, 40, 60, 120]
+        );
+
+        assert_eq!(divisors(1).collect::<Vec<u64>>(), vec![1]);
+
+        assert_eq!(divisors(2).collect::<Vec<u64>>(), vec![1, 2]);
+
+        assert_eq!(divisors(3).collect::<Vec<u64>>(), vec![1, 3]);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_large() {
+        assert_eq!(
+            divisors(1_000_000_000_000_037).collect::<Vec<u64>>(),
+            vec![1, 1_000_000_000_000_037]
+        );
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            divisors(99_999_820_000_081).collect::<Vec<u64>>(),
+            vec![1, 9_999_991, 99_999_820_000_081]
+        );
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            divisors(1_234_567_890_123).collect::<Vec<u64>>(),
+            vec![
+                1,
+                3,
+                3_541,
+                10_623,
+                116_216_501,
+                348_649_503,
+                411_522_630_041,
+                1_234_567_890_123
+            ]
+        );
+
+        assert_eq!(divisors(97_821_761_637_600).count(), 17280);
+    }
+}

src/assignments/assignment07/transform.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
+//! Tranformer
+use std::marker::PhantomData;
+use std::ops::Add;
+
+/// Represents transformation of type `T`.
+pub trait Transform<T> {
+    /// Transforms value.
+    fn transform(&self, value: T) -> T;
+}
+
+impl<T1, T2, Tr1: Transform<T1>, Tr2: Transform<T2>> Transform<(T1, T2)> for (Tr1, Tr2) {
+    fn transform(&self, value: (T1, T2)) -> (T1, T2) {
+        todo!()
+    }
+}
+
+/// Identity transformation.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+pub struct Identity;
+
+impl<T> Transform<T> for Identity {
+    fn transform(&self, value: T) -> T {
+        todo!()
+    }
+}
+
+/// Custom transformation.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+pub struct Custom<T, F: Fn(T) -> T> {
+    f: F,
+    _marker: PhantomData<T>,
+}
+
+impl<T, F: Fn(T) -> T> From<F> for Custom<T, F> {
+    fn from(f: F) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            f,
+            _marker: PhantomData,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T, F: Fn(T) -> T> Transform<T> for Custom<T, F> {
+    fn transform(&self, value: T) -> T {
+        todo!()
+    }
+}
+
+/// Repeats transformation for `n` times.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+pub struct Repeat<T, Tr: Transform<T>> {
+    inner: Tr,
+    n: u32,
+    _marker: PhantomData<T>,
+}
+
+impl<T, Tr: Transform<T>> Repeat<T, Tr> {
+    /// Creates a new repeat transformation.
+    pub fn new(inner: Tr, n: u32) -> Self {
+        Repeat {
+            inner,
+            n,
+            _marker: PhantomData,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T, Tr: Transform<T>> Transform<T> for Repeat<T, Tr> {
+    fn transform(&self, mut value: T) -> T {
+        todo!()
+    }
+}
+
+/// Repeats transformation until converges.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+pub struct RepeatUntilConverge<T: Eq, Tr: Transform<T>> {
+    inner: Tr,
+    _marker: PhantomData<T>,
+}
+
+impl<T: Clone + Eq, Tr: Transform<T>> RepeatUntilConverge<T, Tr> {
+    /// Creates a new repeat transformation.
+    pub fn new(inner: Tr) -> Self {
+        RepeatUntilConverge {
+            inner,
+            _marker: PhantomData,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: Clone + Eq, Tr: Transform<T>> Transform<T> for RepeatUntilConverge<T, Tr> {
+    fn transform(&self, mut value: T) -> T {
+        todo!()
+    }
+}

src/assignments/assignment07/transform_grade.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod test {
+    use itertools::Itertools;
+    use ntest::assert_about_eq;
+
+    use crate::assignments::assignment07::transform::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_transform_identity() {
+        let tr = Identity;
+
+        assert_eq!(tr.transform(3), 3);
+        assert_eq!(tr.transform(3.0), 3.0);
+        assert_eq!(tr.transform("abc"), "abc");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_transform_tuple() {
+        let f1 = |x: u32| x + 1;
+        let f2 = |x: String| x.clone() + &x;
+
+        let tr1: Custom<_, _> = f1.into();
+        let tr2: Custom<_, _> = f2.into();
+
+        let list1 = 0u32..10u32;
+        let list2 = ["a".to_string(), "bb".to_string(), "ccc".to_string()];
+
+        for v1 in list1 {
+            for v2 in list2.clone() {
+                let tr = (tr1, tr2.clone());
+                let input = (v1, v2.clone());
+                let expected = (f1(v1), f2(v2));
+                assert_eq!(tr.transform(input), expected);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_transform_repeat() {
+        let inc = Custom::from(|x: i32| x + 1);
+        let dec = Custom::from(|x: i32| x - 1);
+
+        for i in 0..10 {
+            for j in -10..10 {
+                assert_eq!(Repeat::new(inc, i as u32).transform(j), j + i);
+                assert_eq!(Repeat::new(dec, i as u32).transform(j), j - i);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_transform_repeat_until_converge() {
+        let inc = Custom::from(|x: i32| if x < 50 { x + 1 } else { x });
+        let dec = Custom::from(|x: i32| if x > 50 { x - 1 } else { x });
+
+        assert_eq!(RepeatUntilConverge::new(inc).transform(40), 50);
+        assert_eq!(RepeatUntilConverge::new(inc).transform(60), 60);
+
+        assert_eq!(RepeatUntilConverge::new(dec).transform(40), 40);
+        assert_eq!(RepeatUntilConverge::new(dec).transform(60), 50);
+    }
+}

src/assignments/assignment07_grade.rs

@@ -1,44 +0,0 @@
-#[cfg(test)]
-mod test {
-    use super::super::assignment07::*;
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_find() {
-        assert_eq!(
-            find("abc".as_bytes(), "abcdabcd".as_bytes()).collect::<Vec<usize>>(),
-            vec![0, 4]
-        );
-
-        assert_eq!(
-            find("aaba".as_bytes(), "aabaacaadaabaaba".as_bytes()).collect::<Vec<usize>>(),
-            vec![0, 9, 12]
-        );
-
-        assert_eq!(
-            find("ababac".as_bytes(), "abababcabababcabababc".as_bytes()).collect::<Vec<usize>>(),
-            vec![]
-        );
-
-        assert_eq!(
-            find("ababc".as_bytes(), "abc".as_bytes()).collect::<Vec<usize>>(),
-            vec![]
-        );
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_find_usize() {
-        assert_eq!(
-            find(&[1, 2, 3], &[1, 2, 3, 4, 1, 2, 3, 4]).collect::<Vec<usize>>(),
-            vec![0, 4]
-        );
-
-        assert_eq!(
-            find(
-                &[5, 5, 7, 5],
-                &[5, 5, 7, 5, 5, 8, 5, 5, 9, 5, 5, 7, 5, 5, 7, 5]
-            )
-            .collect::<Vec<usize>>(),
-            vec![0, 9, 12]
-        );
-    }
-}

src/assignments/assignment08/church.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+//! Church Numerals
+//!
+//! This exercise involves the use of "Church numerals", a
+//! representation of natural numbers using lambda calculus, named after
+//! Alonzo Church. Each Church numeral corresponds to a natural number `n`
+//! and is represented as a higher-order function that applies a given function `f` `n` times.
+//!
+//! For more information, see:
+//! - <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_encoding>
+//! - <https://opendsa-server.cs.vt.edu/OpenDSA/Books/PL/html/ChurchNumerals.html>
+
+use std::rc::Rc;
+
+/// Church numerals are represented as higher-order functions that take a function `f`
+pub type Church<T> = Rc<dyn Fn(Rc<dyn Fn(T) -> T>) -> Rc<dyn Fn(T) -> T>>;
+
+/// This function returns a Church numeral equivalent of the natural number 1.
+/// It takes a function `f` and applies it exactly once.
+pub fn one<T: 'static>() -> Church<T> {
+    Rc::new(move |f| Rc::new(move |x| f(x)))
+}
+
+/// This function returns a Church numeral equivalent of the natural number 2.
+/// It takes a function `f` and applies it twice.
+pub fn two<T: 'static>() -> Church<T> {
+    Rc::new(move |f| Rc::new(move |x| f(f(x))))
+}
+
+/// This function represents the Church numeral for zero. As zero applications
+/// of `f` should leave the argument unchanged, the function simply returns the input.
+pub fn zero<T: 'static>() -> Church<T> {
+    Rc::new(|_| Rc::new(|x| x))
+}
+
+/// Implement a function to add 1 to a given Church numeral.
+pub fn succ<T: 'static>(n: Church<T>) -> Church<T> {
+    todo!()
+}
+
+/// Implement a function to add two Church numerals.
+pub fn add<T: 'static>(n: Church<T>, m: Church<T>) -> Church<T> {
+    todo!()
+}
+
+/// Implement a function to multiply (mult) two Church numerals.
+pub fn mult<T: 'static>(n: Church<T>, m: Church<T>) -> Church<T> {
+    todo!()
+}
+
+/// Implement a function to raise one Church numeral to the power of another.
+/// This is the Church numeral equivalent of the natural number operation of exponentiation.
+/// Given two natural numbers `n` and `m`, the function should return a Church numeral
+/// that represents `n` to the power of `m`. The key is to convert `n` and `m` to Church numerals,
+/// and then apply the Church numeral for `m` (the exponent) to the Church numeral for `n` (the base).
+/// Note: This function should be implemented *WITHOUT* using the `to_usize` or any `pow`-like method.
+pub fn exp<T: 'static>(n: usize, m: usize) -> Church<T> {
+    // ACTION ITEM: Uncomment the following lines and replace `todo!()` with your code.
+    // let n = from_usize(n);
+    // let m = from_usize(m);
+    todo!()
+}
+
+/// Implement a function to convert a Church numeral to a usize type.
+pub fn to_usize<T: 'static + Default>(n: Church<T>) -> usize {
+    todo!()
+}
+
+/// Implement a function to convert a usize type to a Church numeral.
+pub fn from_usize<T: 'static>(n: usize) -> Church<T> {
+    todo!()
+}

src/assignments/assignment08/church_grade.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod test {
+    use rand::Rng;
+
+    use crate::assignments::assignment08::church::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn you_must_pass_these_examples() {
+        let c_zero = zero::<usize>();
+        assert_eq!(to_usize(c_zero.clone()), 0);
+
+        let c_one = succ(c_zero.clone());
+        assert_eq!(to_usize(c_one.clone()), to_usize(one::<()>()));
+
+        let c_two = add(c_one.clone(), c_one.clone());
+        let c_three = add(c_one.clone(), c_two.clone());
+        assert_eq!(to_usize(c_three.clone()), 3);
+
+        let c_product = mult(c_three.clone(), c_two.clone());
+        assert_eq!(to_usize(c_product.clone()), 6);
+
+        let c_exponent = exp::<()>(6, 3);
+        assert_eq!(to_usize(c_exponent), 216);
+
+        let c_exponent2 = exp::<()>(3, 0);
+        assert_eq!(to_usize(c_exponent2), 1);
+    }
+
+    fn id(n: usize) -> usize {
+        to_usize(from_usize::<()>(n))
+    }
+
+    fn c_id(n: Church<usize>) -> Church<usize> {
+        from_usize(to_usize(n))
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn engineering_isnt_just_mathematics() {
+        const N: usize = 77777;
+        assert_eq!(N, id(N));
+    }
+
+    /// This test case is an optional challenge.
+    /// While it's not necessary to pass this test,
+    /// successfully doing so could provide a sense of satisfaction and achievement.
+    // #[test]
+    // fn i_said_engineering_isnt_just_mathematics() {
+    //     const N: usize = 777777777777777;
+    //     assert_eq!(N, id(N));
+    // }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn be_honest() {
+        let mut rng = rand::thread_rng();
+
+        for _ in 0..77 {
+            let x = rng.gen_range(0..=7);
+            let y = rng.gen_range(0..=7);
+
+            let c_x = from_usize(x);
+            let c_y = from_usize(y);
+
+            let c_sum = add(c_x.clone(), c_y.clone());
+            assert_eq!(to_usize(c_id(c_sum)), x + y);
+
+            let c_prod = mult(c_x.clone(), c_y.clone());
+            assert_eq!(to_usize(c_id(c_prod)), x * y);
+
+            let c_exp = exp(x, y);
+            assert_eq!(to_usize(c_id(c_exp)), x.pow(y as u32));
+        }
+    }
+}

src/assignments/assignment08/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+//! Assignment 8: First-class functions.
+//!
+//! The primary goal of this assignment is to get used to first-class functions.
+//!
+//! You should fill out the `todo!()` placeholders in such a way that `/scripts/grade-08.sh` works fine.
+//! See `assignment08/*_grade.rs` and `/scripts/grade-08.sh` for the test script.
+
+pub mod church;
+pub mod small_exercises;
+
+mod church_grade;
+mod small_exercises_grade;

src/assignments/assignment08/small_exercises.rs

@@ -1,26 +1,44 @@
-//! Assignment 8: First-class functions.
+//! Assignment 08: First-class functions.
-//!
-//! The primary goal of this assignment is to get used to first-class functions.
-//!
-//! You should fill out the `todo!()` placeholders in such a way that `/scripts/grade-08.sh` works fine.
-//! See `assignment08_grade.rs` and `/scripts/grade-08.sh` for the test script.
 
-/// Returns an anonymous function that applies the given function `f` for `n` times.
+/// Repeat
 ///
+/// Returns an anonymous function that applies the given function `f` for `n` times.
 /// For instance, `repeat(3, f)(x)` roughly translates to `f(f(f(x)))`.
+///
+/// Refer `test_repeat` in `assignment08_grade.rs` for detailed examples.
 pub fn repeat<T, F: FnMut(T) -> T>(n: usize, mut f: F) -> impl FnMut(T) -> T {
     todo!();
     f // This line has been added to prevent compile error. You can erase this line.
 }
 
+/// Funny Map
+///
 /// Applies the given function `f` for `i` times for the `i`-th element of the given vector.
 ///
 /// For instance, `funny_map(f, [v0, v1, v2, v3])` roughly translates to `[v0, f(v1), f(f(v2)), f(f(f(v3)))]`.
+///
+/// Refer `test_funny_map` in `assignment08_grade.rs` for detailed examples.
 pub fn funny_map<T, F: Fn(T) -> T>(f: F, vs: Vec<T>) -> Vec<T> {
     todo!()
 }
 
+/// Count Repeat
+///
+/// Returns the number of the elements of the set
+/// {x, f(x), f(f(x)), f(f(f(x))), ...}.
+/// You may assume that the answer is finite and small enough.
+///
+/// Refer `test_count_repeat` in `assignment08_grade.rs` for detailed examples.
+pub fn count_repeat<T, F: Fn(T) -> T>(f: F, x: T) -> usize
+where
+    T: PartialEq + Copy,
+{
+    todo!()
+}
+
 /// Either `T1`, or `T2`.
+///
+/// Fill out `map` method for this type.
 #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub enum Either2<T1, T2> {
     /// Case 1.
@@ -39,6 +57,8 @@ impl<T1, T2> Either2<T1, T2> {
     /// Maps the inner value.
     ///
     /// If the inner value is case 1, apply `f1`, and if it is case 2, apply `f2`.
+    ///
+    /// Refer `test_either2_map` in `assignment08_grade.rs` for detailed examples.
     pub fn map<U1, U2, F1, F2>(self, f1: F1, f2: F2) -> Either2<U1, U2>
     where
         F1: FnOnce(T1) -> U1,

src/assignments/assignment08/small_exercises_grade.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod test {
+    use crate::assignments::assignment08::small_exercises::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_repeat() {
+        for i in 0..10 {
+            assert_eq!(42 + 2 * i, repeat(i, |x| x + 2)(42));
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_funny_map() {
+        assert_eq!(
+            vec![0, 3, 6, 9, 12],
+            funny_map(|x| x + 2, vec![0, 1, 2, 3, 4])
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_either2_map() {
+        let v1 = Either2::<u32, f32>::Case1 { inner: 42 };
+        let u1 = Either2::<u32, f32>::Case1 { inner: 43 };
+        assert_eq!(u1, v1.map(|i| i + 1, |f| f + 1.0));
+
+        let v2 = Either2::<u32, f32>::Case2 { inner: 42.0 };
+        let u2 = Either2::<u32, f32>::Case2 { inner: 43.0 };
+        assert_eq!(u2, v2.map(|i| i + 1, |f| f + 1.0));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_count_repeat() {
+        let inc_mod_100 = |x| (x + 1) % 100;
+        assert_eq!(count_repeat(inc_mod_100, 10), 100);
+        assert_eq!(count_repeat(inc_mod_100, 12345), 101);
+
+        let p_lookup = |n| vec![1, 0, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 3][n];
+        assert_eq!(count_repeat(p_lookup, 0), 2);
+        assert_eq!(count_repeat(p_lookup, 1), 2);
+        assert_eq!(count_repeat(p_lookup, 2), 1);
+        assert_eq!(count_repeat(p_lookup, 3), 5);
+        assert_eq!(count_repeat(p_lookup, 4), 5);
+        assert_eq!(count_repeat(p_lookup, 5), 5);
+        assert_eq!(count_repeat(p_lookup, 6), 5);
+        assert_eq!(count_repeat(p_lookup, 7), 5);
+    }
+}

src/assignments/assignment08_grade.rs

@@ -1,30 +0,0 @@
-#[cfg(test)]
-mod test {
-    use super::super::assignment08::*;
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_repeat() {
-        for i in 0..10 {
-            assert_eq!(42 + 2 * i, repeat(i, |x| x + 2)(42));
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_funny_map() {
-        assert_eq!(
-            vec![0, 3, 6, 9, 12],
-            funny_map(|x| x + 2, vec![0, 1, 2, 3, 4])
-        );
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_either2_map() {
-        let v1 = Either2::<u32, f32>::Case1 { inner: 42 };
-        let u1 = Either2::<u32, f32>::Case1 { inner: 43 };
-        assert_eq!(u1, v1.map(|i| i + 1, |f| f + 1.0));
-
-        let v2 = Either2::<u32, f32>::Case2 { inner: 42.0 };
-        let u2 = Either2::<u32, f32>::Case2 { inner: 43.0 };
-        assert_eq!(u2, v2.map(|i| i + 1, |f| f + 1.0));
-    }
-}

src/assignments/assignment09/bigint.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+//! Big integer with infinite precision.
+
+use std::fmt;
+use std::{iter::zip, ops::*};
+
+/// An signed integer with infinite precision implemented with an "carrier" vector of `u32`s.
+///
+/// The vector is interpreted as a base 2^(32 * (len(carrier) - 1)) integer, where negative
+/// integers are represented in their [2's complement form](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two%27s_complement).
+///
+/// For example, the vector `vec![44,345,3]` represents the integer
+/// `44 * (2^32)^2 + 345 * (2^32) + 3`,
+/// and the vector `vec![u32::MAX - 5, u32::MAX - 7]` represents the integer
+/// `- (5 * 2^32 + 8)
+///
+/// You will implement the `Add` and `Sub` trait for this type.
+///
+/// Unlike standard fix-sized intergers in Rust where overflow will panic, the carrier is extended to save the overflowed bit.
+/// On the contrary, if the precision is too much (e.g, vec![0,0] is used to represent 0, where `vec![0]` is sufficent), the carrier is truncated.
+///
+/// See [this section](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two%27s_complement#Arithmetic_operations) for a rouge guide on implementation,
+/// while keeping in mind that the carrier should be extended to deal with overflow.
+///
+/// The `sign_extension()`, `two_complement()`, and `truncate()` are non-mandatory helper methods.
+///
+/// For testing and debugging pruposes, the `Display` trait is implemented for you, which shows the integer in hexadecimal form.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct BigInt {
+    /// The carrier for `BigInt`.
+    ///
+    /// Note that the carrier should always be non-empty.
+    pub carrier: Vec<u32>,
+}
+
+impl BigInt {
+    /// Create a new `BigInt` from a `usize`.
+    pub fn new(n: u32) -> Self {
+        todo!()
+    }
+
+    /// Creates a new `BigInt` from a `Vec<u32>`.
+    pub fn new_large(carrier: Vec<u32>) -> Self {
+        assert!(!carrier.is_empty());
+        todo!()
+    }
+}
+
+const SIGN_MASK: u32 = 1 << 31;
+
+impl BigInt {
+    /// Extend `self` to `len` bits.
+    fn sign_extension(&self, len: usize) -> Self {
+        todo!()
+    }
+
+    /// Compute the two's complement of `self`.
+    fn two_complement(&self) -> Self {
+        todo!()
+    }
+
+    /// Truncate a `BigInt` to the minimum length.
+    fn truncate(&self) -> Self {
+        todo!()
+    }
+}
+
+impl Add for BigInt {
+    type Output = Self;
+
+    fn add(self, rhs: Self) -> Self::Output {
+        todo!()
+    }
+}
+
+impl Sub for BigInt {
+    type Output = Self;
+
+    fn sub(self, rhs: Self) -> Self::Output {
+        todo!()
+    }
+}
+
+impl fmt::Display for BigInt {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        // Hex formatting so that each u32 can be formatted independently.
+        for i in self.carrier.iter() {
+            write!(f, "{:08x}", i)?;
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}

src/assignments/assignment09/bigint_grade.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod test {
+
+    use ntest::{assert_false, assert_true};
+
+    use crate::assignments::assignment09::bigint::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_inf_prec_simple() {
+        // Basic
+        assert_eq!("00000000", format!("{}", BigInt::new(0)));
+        assert_eq!("ffffffff", format!("{}", BigInt::new(u32::MAX)));
+        assert_eq!("00bc4fdc", format!("{}", BigInt::new(12_341_212)));
+        assert_eq!("fffffed8", format!("{}", BigInt::new(4_294_967_000u32)));
+
+        // Add Basic
+        assert_eq!("00000001", format!("{}", BigInt::new(0) + BigInt::new(1)));
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            "0df655df",
+            format!("{}", BigInt::new(13_413) + BigInt::new(234_234_234))
+        );
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            "ffffff03",
+            format!("{}", BigInt::new(4_294_967_000u32) + BigInt::new(43))
+        );
+
+        // Sub Basic
+        assert_eq!("ffffffff", format!("{}", BigInt::new(0) - BigInt::new(1)));
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            "f20a12eb",
+            format!("{}", BigInt::new(13_413) - BigInt::new(234_234_234))
+        );
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            "fffffead",
+            format!("{}", BigInt::new(4_294_967_000u32) - BigInt::new(43))
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    #[should_panic]
+    fn test_inf_prec_panic() {
+        let _ = BigInt::new_large(vec![]);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_inf_prec_complex() {
+        // Positive overflow
+        assert_eq!(
+            "0000000080000000",
+            format!("{}", BigInt::new(i32::MAX as u32) + BigInt::new(1))
+        );
+
+        // Negative overflow
+        assert_eq!(
+            "ffffffff7fffffff",
+            format!("{}", BigInt::new(i32::MIN as u32) - BigInt::new(1))
+        );
+
+        // Larger positive overflow
+        assert_eq!(
+            "00000000fffffffe00000000",
+            format!(
+                "{}",
+                BigInt::new_large(vec![i32::MAX as u32, 0])
+                    + BigInt::new_large(vec![i32::MAX as u32, 0])
+            )
+        );
+
+        // Smaller negative overflow
+        assert_eq!(
+            "ffffffff000000000119464a",
+            format!(
+                "{}",
+                BigInt::new_large(vec![i32::MIN as u32, 2_871_572])
+                    + BigInt::new_large(vec![i32::MIN as u32, 15_562_038])
+            )
+        );
+
+        // Truncate
+        assert_eq!(
+            "00000000",
+            format!(
+                "{}",
+                BigInt::new_large(vec![i32::MIN as u32, 2_871_572, 123_456])
+                    - BigInt::new_large(vec![i32::MIN as u32, 2_871_572, 123_456])
+            )
+        );
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            "ffffffff",
+            format!(
+                "{}",
+                BigInt::new_large(vec![i32::MIN as u32, 2_871_572, 123_456])
+                    - BigInt::new_large(vec![i32::MIN as u32, 2_871_572, 123_457])
+            )
+        );
+
+        // TODO: add a test case testing sign extension.
+    }
+}

src/assignments/assignment09/matmul.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+//! Simple matrix multiplication
+
+use itertools::*;
+
+/// elementwise vector addition
+///
+/// # Exmaple
+///
+/// ```
+/// use cs220::assignments::assignment09::vec_add;
+///
+/// let vec1 = vec![1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0];
+/// let vec2 = vec![1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0];
+/// let res = vec_add(&vec1, &vec2);
+/// assert_eq!(res, vec![2.0, 4.0, 6.0, 8.0, 10.0]);
+/// ```
+pub fn vec_add(lhs: &[f64], rhs: &[f64]) -> Vec<f64> {
+    todo!()
+}
+
+/// dot product of two arrays
+///
+/// You don't know how to calculate dot product?
+/// See <https://mathinsight.org/dot_product_examples>
+///
+/// # Exmaple
+///
+/// ```
+/// use cs220::assignments::assignment09::dot_product;
+///
+/// let vec1 = vec![1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0];
+/// let vec2 = vec![1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0];
+/// let res = dot_product(&vec1, &vec2);
+///
+/// assert_eq!(res, 55.0);
+/// ```
+pub fn dot_product(lhs: &[f64], rhs: &[f64]) -> f64 {
+    todo!()
+}
+
+/// Matrix multiplication
+///
+/// You don't know how to multiply matrix?
+/// Quite simple! See <https://www.mathsisfun.com/algebra/matrix-multiplying.html>
+///
+/// Assume rhs is transposed
+/// - lhs: (m, n)
+/// - rhs: (p, n)
+/// - output: (m, p)
+///
+/// # Exmaple
+///
+/// ```
+/// use cs220::assignments::assignment09::matmul;
+///
+/// let mat1 = vec![vec![1.0, 2.0, 3.0], vec![4.0, 5.0, 6.0]];
+/// let mat2 = vec![
+///     vec![7.0, 8.0, 9.0],
+///     vec![10.0, 11.0, 12.0],
+///     vec![13.0, 14.0, 15.0],
+///     vec![16.0, 17.0, 18.0],
+/// ];
+/// let ans = vec![
+///     vec![50.0, 68.0, 86.0, 104.0],
+///     vec![122.0, 167.0, 212.0, 257.0],
+/// ];
+/// let res = matmul(&mat1, &mat2);
+/// assert_eq!(ans, res);
+/// ```
+pub fn matmul(lhs: &[Vec<f64>], rhs: &[Vec<f64>]) -> Vec<Vec<f64>> {
+    todo!()
+}

src/assignments/assignment09/matmul_grade.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,106 @@
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod test {
+    use crate::assignments::assignment09::matmul::*;
+
+    use approx::*;
+    use itertools::Itertools;
+    use ndarray::prelude::*;
+    use ndarray_rand::{rand_distr::Uniform, RandomExt};
+
+    #[test]
+    fn vec_add_test() {
+        let vec1 = vec![1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0];
+        let vec2 = vec![1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0];
+        let res = vec_add(&vec1, &vec2);
+        assert_eq!(res, vec![2.0, 4.0, 6.0, 8.0, 10.0]);
+
+        for _ in 0..5 {
+            let vec1 = Array::random(500000, Uniform::new(0., 10.));
+            let vec2 = Array::random(500000, Uniform::new(0., 10.));
+
+            let res = vec_add(vec1.as_slice().unwrap(), vec2.as_slice().unwrap());
+
+            let ans = vec1 + vec2;
+            assert_eq!(Array::from_vec(res), ans);
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn dot_product_test() {
+        let vec1 = vec![1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0];
+        let vec2 = vec![1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0];
+        let res = dot_product(&vec1, &vec2);
+        assert_eq!(res, 55.0);
+
+        for _ in 0..5 {
+            let vec1 = Array::random(1000000, Uniform::new(0., 10.));
+            let vec2 = Array::random(1000000, Uniform::new(0., 10.));
+
+            let res = dot_product(vec1.as_slice().unwrap(), vec2.as_slice().unwrap());
+            let _res = relative_eq!(res, vec1.dot(&vec2), epsilon = f64::EPSILON);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Reference: <https://github.com/rust-ndarray/ndarray/issues/590>
+    /// Converts nested `Vec`s to a 2-D array by cloning the elements.
+    ///
+    /// **Panics** if the length of any axis overflows `isize`, if the
+    /// size in bytes of all the data overflows `isize`, or if not all the
+    /// rows have the same length.
+    fn vec_to_array<T: Clone>(v: Vec<Vec<T>>) -> Array2<T> {
+        if v.is_empty() {
+            return Array2::from_shape_vec((0, 0), Vec::new()).unwrap();
+        }
+        let nrows = v.len();
+        let ncols = v[0].len();
+        let mut data = Vec::with_capacity(nrows * ncols);
+        for row in &v {
+            assert_eq!(row.len(), ncols);
+            data.extend_from_slice(row);
+        }
+        Array2::from_shape_vec((nrows, ncols), data).unwrap()
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn matmul_test() {
+        let mat1 = vec![vec![1.0, 2.0, 3.0], vec![4.0, 5.0, 6.0]];
+        let mat2 = vec![
+            vec![7.0, 8.0, 9.0],
+            vec![10.0, 11.0, 12.0],
+            vec![13.0, 14.0, 15.0],
+            vec![16.0, 17.0, 18.0],
+        ];
+        let ans = vec![
+            vec![50.0, 68.0, 86.0, 104.0],
+            vec![122.0, 167.0, 212.0, 257.0],
+        ];
+        let res = matmul(&mat1, &mat2);
+        assert_eq!(ans, res);
+
+        for _ in 0..5 {
+            let mat1 = Array::random((500, 500), Uniform::new(0., 10.));
+            let mat2 = Array::random((500, 500), Uniform::new(0., 10.));
+            let ans = mat1.dot(&mat2);
+            let mat2_transposed = mat2.t();
+
+            // Run sequential matrix multiplication
+            let res = matmul(
+                mat1.axis_iter(Axis(0))
+                    .map(|row| row.to_vec())
+                    .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+                    .as_slice(),
+                mat2_transposed
+                    .axis_iter(Axis(0))
+                    .map(|row| row.to_vec())
+                    .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+                    .as_slice(),
+            );
+
+            // Check answer
+            for it in ans.iter().zip(vec_to_array(res).iter()) {
+                let (ans, res) = it;
+                let _res = relative_eq!(ans, res);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}

src/assignments/assignment09/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+//! Assignment 9: Iterators (1/2).
+//!
+//! The primary goal of this assignment is to get used to iterators.
+//!
+//! You should fill out the `todo!()` placeholders in such a way that `/scripts/grade-09.sh` works fine.
+//! See `assignment09/*_grade.rs` and `/scripts/grade-09.sh` for the test script.
+
+pub mod bigint;
+pub mod matmul;
+pub mod small_exercises;
+
+mod bigint_grade;
+mod matmul_grade;
+mod small_exercises_grade;

src/assignments/assignment09/small_exercises.rs

@@ -1,14 +1,7 @@
-//! Assignment 9: Iterators (1/2).
+//! Small exercises.
-//!
-//! The primary goal of this assignment is to get used to iterators.
-//!
-//! You should fill out the `todo!()` placeholders in such a way that `/scripts/grade-09.sh` works fine.
-//! See `assignment09_grade.rs` and `/scripts/grade-09.sh` for the test script.
 
 use std::collections::HashMap;
 
-use itertools::*;
-
 /// Returns whether the given sequence is a fibonacci sequence starts from the given sequence's first two terms.
 ///
 /// Returns `true` if the length of sequence is less or equal than 2.
@@ -61,6 +54,27 @@ pub fn interleave3<T>(
     todo!()
 }
 
+/// Alternate elements from array of n iterators until they have run out.
+///
+/// You can assume that the number of elements of iterators are same.
+///
+/// # Example
+///
+/// ```
+/// use cs220::assignments::assignment09::interleave_n;
+///
+/// assert_eq!(
+///     interleave_n(&mut [[1, 2].into_iter(), [3, 4].into_iter(), [5, 6].into_iter()]),
+///     vec![1, 3, 5, 2, 4, 6]
+/// );
+/// ```
+pub fn interleave_n<T, const N: usize>(
+    mut iters: [impl Iterator<Item = T>; N],
+) -> impl Iterator<Item = T> {
+    todo!();
+    std::iter::empty()
+}
+
 /// Returns mean of k smallest value's mean.
 ///
 /// # Example
@@ -172,3 +186,26 @@ pub fn find_count_n(inner: Vec<usize>, n: usize) -> Vec<usize> {
 pub fn position_median<T: Ord>(inner: Vec<T>) -> Option<usize> {
     todo!()
 }
+
+/// Returns the sum of all elements in a two-dimensional array.
+///
+/// # Example
+/// ```
+/// assert_eq!(
+///     two_dimensional_sum([[1, 2, 3].into_iter(), [4, 5, 6].into_iter()].into_iter()),
+///     21
+/// );
+/// ```
+pub fn two_dimensional_sum(inner: impl Iterator<Item = impl Iterator<Item = i64>>) -> i64 {
+    todo!()
+}
+
+/// Returns whether the given string is palindrome or not.
+///
+/// A palindrome is a word, number, phrase, or other sequence of characters which reads the same backward as forward.
+/// We consider the empty string is palindrome.
+///
+/// Consult <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palindrome>.
+pub fn is_palindrome(s: String) -> bool {
+    todo!()
+}

src/assignments/assignment09/small_exercises_grade.rs

@@ -1,6 +1,9 @@
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod test {
-    use super::super::assignment09::*;
+
+    use ntest::{assert_false, assert_true};
+
+    use crate::assignments::assignment09::small_exercises::*;
 
     #[test]
     fn test_is_fibonacci() {
@@ -74,6 +77,35 @@ mod test {
         );
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn test_interleave_n() {
+        assert_eq!(
+            interleave_n([[1, 2].into_iter(), [3, 4].into_iter(), [5, 6].into_iter()])
+                .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+            vec![1, 3, 5, 2, 4, 6]
+        );
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            interleave_n([
+                [1, 2, 3].into_iter(),
+                [4, 5, 6].into_iter(),
+                [7, 8, 9].into_iter()
+            ])
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+            vec![1, 4, 7, 2, 5, 8, 3, 6, 9]
+        );
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            interleave_n([
+                ["a", "b", "c"].into_iter(),
+                ["d", "e", "f"].into_iter(),
+                ["g", "h", "i"].into_iter()
+            ])
+            .collect::<String>(),
+            "adgbehcfi"
+        );
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn test_k_smallest_man() {
         assert_eq!(
@@ -200,4 +232,37 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(position_median(vec![1, 3, 3, 6, 7, 8, 9]), Some(3));
         assert_eq!(position_median(vec![1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9]), Some(4));
     }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_two_dimensional_sum() {
+        assert_eq!(
+            two_dimensional_sum([[1, 2, 3].into_iter(), [4, 5, 6].into_iter()].into_iter()),
+            21
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            two_dimensional_sum(
+                [
+                    [1, 2, 3, 4, 5].into_iter(),
+                    [10, 20, 30, 40, 50].into_iter()
+                ]
+                .into_iter()
+            ),
+            165
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_is_palindrome() {
+        assert_true!(is_palindrome("kayak".to_string()));
+        assert_true!(is_palindrome("dammitimmad".to_string()));
+        assert_true!(is_palindrome("deified".to_string()));
+        assert_true!(is_palindrome("rotator".to_string()));
+        assert_true!(is_palindrome("noon".to_string()));
+        assert_true!(is_palindrome("".to_string()));
+        assert_true!(is_palindrome("a".to_string()));
+
+        assert_false!(is_palindrome("moon".to_string()));
+        assert_false!(is_palindrome("hello".to_string()));
+        assert_false!(is_palindrome("apple".to_string()));
+    }
 }

src/assignments/assignment10/labyrinth.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+//! Labyrinth
+//!
+//! Look at the `labyrinth_grade.rs` below before you start.
+//! HINT: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/100_prisoners_problem>
+//!
+//! NOTE: You will have to implement a probabilistic algorithm, which means, the algorithm can fail
+//! even if you have implemented the solution. We recommend running multiple times (at least 5 times) to check your
+//! solution works well.
+
+use std::cell::RefCell;
+
+/// Husband
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct Husband {
+    brain: RefCell<[usize; 100]>,
+}
+
+impl Husband {
+    /// What might a husband, who is looking for his wife's ID my_wife, be thinking?
+    pub fn seeking(my_wife: usize) -> Self {
+        todo!()
+    }
+
+    #[allow(missing_docs)]
+    pub fn has_devised_a_strategy(&self) -> Strategy<'_> {
+        Strategy { husband: self }
+    }
+
+    /// Based on the information about currently visited room number and someone's wife ID trapped inside,
+    /// what the husband should do next?
+    pub fn carefully_checks_whos_inside(&self, room: usize, wife: usize) {
+        todo!()
+    }
+}
+
+/// Strategy of husband
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct Strategy<'a> {
+    husband: &'a Husband,
+}
+
+impl Iterator for Strategy<'_> {
+    type Item = usize;
+
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        todo!()
+    }
+}

src/assignments/assignment10/labyrinth_grade.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod test {
+    use rand::seq::SliceRandom;
+    use rand::thread_rng;
+
+    use crate::assignments::assignment10::labyrinth::*;
+
+    type Wife = usize;
+    type Rooms = Vec<Wife>;
+
+    struct Labyrinth {
+        rooms: Rooms,
+    }
+
+    impl From<Rooms> for Labyrinth {
+        fn from(rooms: Rooms) -> Self {
+            Self { rooms }
+        }
+    }
+
+    impl Labyrinth {
+        fn open_the_door(&self, index: usize) -> Wife {
+            self.rooms[index]
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn can_every_husband_rescue_his_wife() {
+        // HINT: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/100_prisoners_problem
+        const WIVES: usize = 100;
+
+        // One day, wives of 100 husbands were kidnapped by the Minotaur
+        // and imprisoned in a labyrinth.... 🏰
+        let labyrinth = Labyrinth::from({
+            let mut rooms: Vec<_> = (0..WIVES).collect();
+            rooms.shuffle(&mut thread_rng());
+            rooms
+        });
+
+        assert!((0..WIVES).all(|his_wife| {
+            // A new husband steps into the labyrinth to rescue his wife...!
+            let husband = Box::new(Husband::seeking(his_wife /*👩*/));
+            let strategy = Box::new(husband.has_devised_a_strategy());
+
+            #[allow(clippy::all)]
+            /* The Minotaur🐂 will arrive in */
+            (0..50) /* steps... */
+                .zip(strategy)
+                .find(|(_, room)| {
+                    // The husband contemplates his next move... 🤔
+                    // and finally,
+                    let someone/*👤*/ = labyrinth.open_the_door(*room); // 🚪
+                    husband.carefully_checks_whos_inside(*room, someone);
+
+                    // Has the husband found his wife...?
+                    someone/*👤*/ == his_wife /*👩*/
+                })
+                .is_some(/* The husband has successfully rescued his wife! 👫*/)
+            // or is_none(/* The unfortunate husband has encountered the Minotaur and... 🪓*/)
+        }));
+    }
+}

src/assignments/assignment10/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+//! Assignment 10: Iterators (2/2).
+//! The primary goal of this assignment is to get used to iterators.
+//!
+//! You should fill out the `todo!()` placeholders in such a way that `/scripts/grade-10.sh` works fine.
+//! See `assignment10/*_grade.rs` and `/scripts/grade-10.sh` for the test script.
+
+pub mod labyrinth;
+pub mod small_exercises;
+
+mod labyrinth_grade;
+mod small_exercises_grade;

src/assignments/assignment10/small_exercises.rs

@@ -1,9 +1,4 @@
-//! Assignment 10: Iterators (2/2).
+//! Small exercises.
-//!
-//! The primary goal of this assignment is to get used to iterators.
-//!
-//! You should fill out the `todo!()` placeholders in such a way that `/scripts/grade-10.sh` works fine.
-//! See `assignment10_grade.rs` and `/scripts/grade-10.sh` for the test script.
 
 use itertools::*;
 
@@ -117,3 +112,82 @@ pub enum File {
 pub fn du_sort(root: &File) -> Vec<(&str, usize)> {
     todo!()
 }
+
+/// Remove all even numbers inside a vector using the given mutable reference.
+/// That is, you must modify the vector using the given mutable reference instead
+/// of returning a new vector.
+///
+/// # Example
+/// ```
+/// let mut vec = vec![1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
+/// remove_even(&mut vec);
+/// assert_eq!(*vec, vec![1, 3, 5]);
+/// ```
+#[allow(clippy::ptr_arg)]
+pub fn remove_even(inner: &mut Vec<i64>) {
+    todo!()
+}
+
+/// Remove all duplicate occurences of a number inside the array.
+/// That is, if an integer appears more than once, remove some occurences
+/// of it so that it only appears once. Note that you must modify the vector
+/// using the given mutable reference instead of returning a new vector.
+/// Also, note that the order does not matter.
+///
+/// # Example
+/// ```
+/// let mut vec = vec![1, 2, 1, 1, 3, 7, 5, 7];
+/// remove_duplicate(&mut vec);
+/// assert_eq!(*vec, vec![1, 2, 3, 7, 5]);
+/// ```
+#[allow(clippy::ptr_arg)]
+pub fn remove_duplicate(inner: &mut Vec<i64>) {
+    todo!()
+}
+
+/// Returns the natural join of two tables using the first column as the join argument.
+/// That is, for each pair of a row(`Vec<String>`) from table1 and a row(`Vec<String>`) from table2,
+/// if the first element of them are equal, then add all elements of the row from table2
+/// except its first element to the row from table1 and add it to the results.
+/// Note that the order of results does not matter.
+///
+/// # Example
+///
+///        table1                     table2
+/// ----------------------     ----------------------
+///  20230001 |    Jack         20230001 |    CS
+///  20231234 |    Mike         20230001 |    EE
+///                             20231234 |    ME
+///
+///
+///               result
+/// -----------------------------------
+///  20230001 |    Jack   |     CS
+///  20230001 |    Jack   |     EE
+///  20231234 |    Mike   |     ME
+///
+pub fn natural_join(table1: Vec<Vec<String>>, table2: Vec<Vec<String>>) -> Vec<Vec<String>> {
+    todo!()
+}
+
+struct Pythagorean;
+
+impl Pythagorean {
+    fn new() -> Self {
+        todo!()
+    }
+}
+
+impl Iterator for Pythagorean {
+    type Item = (u64, u64, u64);
+
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        todo!()
+    }
+}
+
+/// Generates sequence of unique [primitive Pythagorean triples](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagorean_triple),
+/// i.e. (a,b,c) such that a² + b² = c², a and b are coprimes, and a < b. Generate in the increasing order of c.
+pub fn pythagorean() -> impl Iterator<Item = (u64, u64, u64)> {
+    Pythagorean::new()
+}

src/assignments/assignment10/small_exercises_grade.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,351 @@
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod test {
+    use std::collections::HashSet;
+
+    use crate::assignments::assignment10::small_exercises::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_inversion() {
+        assert_eq!(inversion(vec![3, 5, 4]), vec![(1, 2)]);
+        assert_eq!(inversion(vec!["c", "a", "b", "d"]), vec![(0, 1), (0, 2)]);
+        assert_eq!(
+            inversion(vec![2, 5, 4, 6, 3, 1]),
+            vec![
+                (0, 5),
+                (1, 2),
+                (1, 4),
+                (1, 5),
+                (2, 4),
+                (2, 5),
+                (3, 4),
+                (3, 5),
+                (4, 5)
+            ]
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_traverse_preorder() {
+        let root = Node::NonLeaf((
+            1,
+            vec![
+                Node::NonLeaf((2, vec![Node::Leaf(5), Node::Leaf(6)])),
+                Node::Leaf(3),
+                Node::NonLeaf((4, vec![Node::Leaf(7), Node::Leaf(8), Node::Leaf(9)])),
+            ],
+        ));
+
+        assert_eq!(traverse_preorder(root), vec![1, 2, 5, 6, 3, 4, 7, 8, 9]);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_du_sort() {
+        let rootfile = File::Directory(
+            "root".to_string(),
+            vec![
+                File::Directory(
+                    "a".to_string(),
+                    vec![
+                        File::Data("a1".to_string(), 1),
+                        File::Data("a2".to_string(), 3),
+                    ],
+                ),
+                File::Directory(
+                    "b".to_string(),
+                    vec![
+                        File::Data("b1".to_string(), 3),
+                        File::Data("b2".to_string(), 15),
+                    ],
+                ),
+                File::Data("c".to_string(), 8),
+            ],
+        );
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            du_sort(&rootfile),
+            vec![
+                ("a1", 1),
+                ("a2", 3),
+                ("b1", 3),
+                ("a", 4),
+                ("c", 8),
+                ("b2", 15),
+                ("b", 18),
+                ("root", 1 + 3 + 3 + 15 + 8)
+            ]
+        );
+
+        let rootfile = File::Directory(
+            "root".to_string(),
+            vec![
+                File::Directory(
+                    "b".to_string(),
+                    vec![
+                        File::Data("b1".to_string(), 3),
+                        File::Data("b2".to_string(), 15),
+                    ],
+                ),
+                File::Data("c".to_string(), 8),
+                File::Directory(
+                    "a".to_string(),
+                    vec![
+                        File::Data("a1".to_string(), 1),
+                        File::Data("a2".to_string(), 3),
+                    ],
+                ),
+            ],
+        );
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            du_sort(&rootfile),
+            vec![
+                ("a1", 1),
+                ("a2", 3),
+                ("b1", 3),
+                ("a", 4),
+                ("c", 8),
+                ("b2", 15),
+                ("b", 18),
+                ("root", 1 + 3 + 3 + 15 + 8)
+            ]
+        );
+
+        let rootfile = File::Directory(
+            "root".to_string(),
+            vec![
+                File::Directory(
+                    "a".to_string(),
+                    vec![
+                        File::Data("a1".to_string(), 1),
+                        File::Data("a2".to_string(), 3),
+                        File::Directory(
+                            "a3".to_string(),
+                            vec![
+                                File::Data("a31".to_string(), 1),
+                                File::Data("a32".to_string(), 3),
+                                File::Data("a33".to_string(), 6),
+                            ],
+                        ),
+                    ],
+                ),
+                File::Directory(
+                    "b".to_string(),
+                    vec![
+                        File::Data("b1".to_string(), 3),
+                        File::Data("b2".to_string(), 15),
+                    ],
+                ),
+                File::Data("c".to_string(), 16),
+            ],
+        );
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            du_sort(&rootfile),
+            vec![
+                ("a1", 1),
+                ("a31", 1),
+                ("a2", 3),
+                ("a32", 3),
+                ("b1", 3),
+                ("a33", 6),
+                ("a3", 10),
+                ("a", 14),
+                ("b2", 15),
+                ("c", 16),
+                ("b", 18),
+                ("root", 48)
+            ]
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_remove_even() {
+        let mut vec = vec![1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
+        remove_even(&mut vec);
+        assert_eq!(*vec, vec![1, 3, 5]);
+
+        let mut vec = vec![11, 1000, 12, 101, 105, 104, 200];
+        remove_even(&mut vec);
+        assert_eq!(*vec, vec![11, 101, 105]);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_remove_duplicate() {
+        let mut vec = vec![1, 2, 1, 1, 3, 7, 5, 7];
+        remove_duplicate(&mut vec);
+
+        let set1: HashSet<i64> = HashSet::from_iter(vec);
+        let set2: HashSet<i64> = HashSet::from_iter(vec![1, 2, 3, 7, 5]);
+        assert_eq!(set1, set2);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_natural_join() {
+        let row1: Vec<String> = vec!["20230001", "Jack"]
+            .iter()
+            .map(|s| s.to_string())
+            .collect();
+        let row2: Vec<String> = vec!["20231234", "Mike"]
+            .iter()
+            .map(|s| s.to_string())
+            .collect();
+        let table1 = vec![row1, row2];
+        let row1: Vec<String> = vec!["20230001", "CS"]
+            .iter()
+            .map(|s| s.to_string())
+            .collect();
+        let row2: Vec<String> = vec!["20230001", "EE"]
+            .iter()
+            .map(|s| s.to_string())
+            .collect();
+        let row3: Vec<String> = vec!["20231234", "ME"]
+            .iter()
+            .map(|s| s.to_string())
+            .collect();
+        let table2 = vec![row1, row2, row3];
+        let row1: Vec<String> = vec!["20230001", "Jack", "CS"]
+            .iter()
+            .map(|s| s.to_string())
+            .collect();
+        let row2: Vec<String> = vec!["20230001", "Jack", "EE"]
+            .iter()
+            .map(|s| s.to_string())
+            .collect();
+        let row3: Vec<String> = vec!["20231234", "Mike", "ME"]
+            .iter()
+            .map(|s| s.to_string())
+            .collect();
+        let table3 = vec![row1, row2, row3];
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            HashSet::<Vec<String>>::from_iter(natural_join(table1, table2)),
+            HashSet::<Vec<String>>::from_iter(table3)
+        );
+
+        let row1: Vec<String> = vec!["20230001", "Alice"]
+            .iter()
+            .map(|s| s.to_string())
+            .collect();
+        let row2: Vec<String> = vec!["20230002", "Bob"]
+            .iter()
+            .map(|s| s.to_string())
+            .collect();
+        let row3: Vec<String> = vec!["20230003", "Charlie"]
+            .iter()
+            .map(|s| s.to_string())
+            .collect();
+        let row4: Vec<String> = vec!["20230004", "David"]
+            .iter()
+            .map(|s| s.to_string())
+            .collect();
+        let table1 = vec![row1, row2, row3, row4];
+        let row1: Vec<String> = vec!["20230001", "Apple"]
+            .iter()
+            .map(|s| s.to_string())
+            .collect();
+        let row2: Vec<String> = vec!["20230001", "Avocado"]
+            .iter()
+            .map(|s| s.to_string())
+            .collect();
+        let row3: Vec<String> = vec!["20230002", "Banana"]
+            .iter()
+            .map(|s| s.to_string())
+            .collect();
+        let row4: Vec<String> = vec!["20230002", "Berries"]
+            .iter()
+            .map(|s| s.to_string())
+            .collect();
+        let row5: Vec<String> = vec!["20230004", "Durian"]
+            .iter()
+            .map(|s| s.to_string())
+            .collect();
+        let table2 = vec![row1, row2, row3, row4, row5];
+        let row1: Vec<String> = vec!["20230001", "Alice", "Apple"]
+            .iter()
+            .map(|s| s.to_string())
+            .collect();
+        let row2: Vec<String> = vec!["20230001", "Alice", "Avocado"]
+            .iter()
+            .map(|s| s.to_string())
+            .collect();
+        let row3: Vec<String> = vec!["20230002", "Bob", "Banana"]
+            .iter()
+            .map(|s| s.to_string())
+            .collect();
+        let row4: Vec<String> = vec!["20230002", "Bob", "Berries"]
+            .iter()
+            .map(|s| s.to_string())
+            .collect();
+        let row5: Vec<String> = vec!["20230004", "David", "Durian"]
+            .iter()
+            .map(|s| s.to_string())
+            .collect();
+        let table3 = vec![row1, row2, row3, row4, row5];
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            HashSet::<Vec<String>>::from_iter(natural_join(table1, table2)),
+            HashSet::<Vec<String>>::from_iter(table3)
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_pythagorean() {
+        let pythagoreans = [
+            (3, 4, 5),
+            (5, 12, 13),
+            (8, 15, 17),
+            (7, 24, 25),
+            (20, 21, 29),
+            (12, 35, 37),
+            (9, 40, 41),
+            (28, 45, 53),
+            (11, 60, 61),
+            (16, 63, 65),
+            (33, 56, 65),
+            (48, 55, 73),
+            (13, 84, 85),
+            (36, 77, 85),
+            (39, 80, 89),
+            (65, 72, 97),
+            (20, 99, 101),
+            (60, 91, 109),
+            (15, 112, 113),
+            (44, 117, 125),
+            (88, 105, 137),
+            (17, 144, 145),
+            (24, 143, 145),
+            (51, 140, 149),
+            (85, 132, 157),
+            (119, 120, 169),
+            (52, 165, 173),
+            (19, 180, 181),
+            (57, 176, 185),
+            (104, 153, 185),
+            (95, 168, 193),
+            (28, 195, 197),
+            (84, 187, 205),
+            (133, 156, 205),
+            (21, 220, 221),
+            (140, 171, 221),
+            (60, 221, 229),
+            (105, 208, 233),
+            (120, 209, 241),
+            (32, 255, 257),
+            (23, 264, 265),
+            (96, 247, 265),
+            (69, 260, 269),
+            (115, 252, 277),
+            (160, 231, 281),
+            (161, 240, 289),
+            (68, 285, 293),
+        ];
+
+        for (i, t) in pythagorean().enumerate().take(1000) {
+            if i < pythagoreans.len() {
+                assert_eq!(pythagoreans[i], t)
+            }
+            let (a, b, c) = t;
+            assert_eq!(a * a + b * b, c * c);
+        }
+    }
+}

src/assignments/assignment10_grade.rs

@@ -1,158 +0,0 @@
-#[cfg(test)]
-mod test {
-    use super::super::assignment10::*;
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_inversion() {
-        assert_eq!(inversion(vec![3, 5, 4]), vec![(1, 2)]);
-        assert_eq!(inversion(vec!["c", "a", "b", "d"]), vec![(0, 1), (0, 2)]);
-        assert_eq!(
-            inversion(vec![2, 5, 4, 6, 3, 1]),
-            vec![
-                (0, 5),
-                (1, 2),
-                (1, 4),
-                (1, 5),
-                (2, 4),
-                (2, 5),
-                (3, 4),
-                (3, 5),
-                (4, 5)
-            ]
-        );
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_traverse_preorder() {
-        let root = Node::NonLeaf((
-            1,
-            vec![
-                Node::NonLeaf((2, vec![Node::Leaf(5), Node::Leaf(6)])),
-                Node::Leaf(3),
-                Node::NonLeaf((4, vec![Node::Leaf(7), Node::Leaf(8), Node::Leaf(9)])),
-            ],
-        ));
-
-        assert_eq!(traverse_preorder(root), vec![1, 2, 5, 6, 3, 4, 7, 8, 9]);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_du_sort() {
-        let rootfile = File::Directory(
-            "root".to_string(),
-            vec![
-                File::Directory(
-                    "a".to_string(),
-                    vec![
-                        File::Data("a1".to_string(), 1),
-                        File::Data("a2".to_string(), 3),
-                    ],
-                ),
-                File::Directory(
-                    "b".to_string(),
-                    vec![
-                        File::Data("b1".to_string(), 3),
-                        File::Data("b2".to_string(), 15),
-                    ],
-                ),
-                File::Data("c".to_string(), 8),
-            ],
-        );
-
-        assert_eq!(
-            du_sort(&rootfile),
-            vec![
-                ("a1", 1),
-                ("a2", 3),
-                ("b1", 3),
-                ("a", 4),
-                ("c", 8),
-                ("b2", 15),
-                ("b", 18),
-                ("root", 1 + 3 + 3 + 15 + 8)
-            ]
-        );
-
-        let rootfile = File::Directory(
-            "root".to_string(),
-            vec![
-                File::Directory(
-                    "b".to_string(),
-                    vec![
-                        File::Data("b1".to_string(), 3),
-                        File::Data("b2".to_string(), 15),
-                    ],
-                ),
-                File::Data("c".to_string(), 8),
-                File::Directory(
-                    "a".to_string(),
-                    vec![
-                        File::Data("a1".to_string(), 1),
-                        File::Data("a2".to_string(), 3),
-                    ],
-                ),
-            ],
-        );
-
-        assert_eq!(
-            du_sort(&rootfile),
-            vec![
-                ("a1", 1),
-                ("a2", 3),
-                ("b1", 3),
-                ("a", 4),
-                ("c", 8),
-                ("b2", 15),
-                ("b", 18),
-                ("root", 1 + 3 + 3 + 15 + 8)
-            ]
-        );
-
-        let rootfile = File::Directory(
-            "root".to_string(),
-            vec![
-                File::Directory(
-                    "a".to_string(),
-                    vec![
-                        File::Data("a1".to_string(), 1),
-                        File::Data("a2".to_string(), 3),
-                        File::Directory(
-                            "a3".to_string(),
-                            vec![
-                                File::Data("a31".to_string(), 1),
-                                File::Data("a32".to_string(), 3),
-                                File::Data("a33".to_string(), 6),
-                            ],
-                        ),
-                    ],
-                ),
-                File::Directory(
-                    "b".to_string(),
-                    vec![
-                        File::Data("b1".to_string(), 3),
-                        File::Data("b2".to_string(), 15),
-                    ],
-                ),
-                File::Data("c".to_string(), 16),
-            ],
-        );
-
-        assert_eq!(
-            du_sort(&rootfile),
-            vec![
-                ("a1", 1),
-                ("a31", 1),
-                ("a2", 3),
-                ("a32", 3),
-                ("b1", 3),
-                ("a33", 6),
-                ("a3", 10),
-                ("a", 14),
-                ("b2", 15),
-                ("c", 16),
-                ("b", 18),
-                ("root", 48)
-            ]
-        );
-    }
-}

src/assignments/assignment11/graph.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+//! A small graph library.
+//!
+//! A node has a i32 value and (directed) edges to other nodes. A node does not have multiple edges
+//! to the same node. Nodes are not associated with a particular domain, and users can freely
+//! create nodes however they like. However, after a node is created, it can be added to a
+//! `SubGraph`, which form a subgraph of the graph of all nodes. A node can be added to multiple
+//! subgraphs. `SubGraph` has a method to check if the it has a cycle.
+//!
+//! The goal of this assignment is to learn how to deal with inherently shared mutable data in
+//! Rust. Design the types and fill in the `todo!()`s in methods. There are several possible
+//! approaches to this problem and you may import anything from the std library accordingly.
+//!
+//! Refer `graph_grade.rs` for test cases.
+
+#[derive(PartialEq, Eq, Debug)]
+enum VisitStatus {
+    Unvisited,
+    Visiting,
+    Visited,
+}
+
+/// Handle to a graph node.
+/// `NodeHandle` should implement `Clone`, which clones the handle without cloning the underlying
+/// node. That is, there can be multiple handles to the same node.
+/// The user can access the node through a handle if it does not violate Rust's aliasing rules.
+///
+/// TODO: You can freely add fields to this struct.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct NodeHandle;
+
+/// Error type for graph operations.
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct GraphError;
+
+/// Subgraph
+///
+/// TODO: You can freely add fields to this struct.
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct SubGraph;
+
+impl NodeHandle {
+    /// Creates a node and returns the handle to it.
+    pub fn new(value: i32) -> Self {
+        todo!()
+    }
+
+    /// Adds an edge to `to`.
+    /// If the modification cannot be done, e.g. because of aliasing issues, returns `Err(GraphError)`.
+    /// Returns `Ok(true)` if the edge is successfully added.
+    /// Returns `Ok(false)` if an edge to `to` already exits.
+    pub fn add_edge(&self, to: NodeHandle) -> Result<bool, GraphError> {
+        todo!()
+    }
+
+    /// Removes the edge to `to`.
+    /// If the modification cannot be done, e.g. because of aliasing issues, returns `Err(GraphError)`.
+    /// Returns `Ok(true)` if the edge is successfully removed.
+    /// Returns `Ok(false)` if an edge to `to` does not exist.
+    pub fn remove_edge(&self, to: &NodeHandle) -> Result<bool, GraphError> {
+        todo!()
+    }
+
+    /// Removes all edges.
+    /// If the modification cannot be done, e.g. because of aliasing issues, returns `Err(GraphError)`.
+    pub fn clear_edges(&self) -> Result<(), GraphError> {
+        todo!()
+    }
+}
+
+impl Default for SubGraph {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self::new()
+    }
+}
+
+impl SubGraph {
+    /// Creates a new subgraph.
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        todo!()
+    }
+
+    /// Adds a node to the subgraph. Returns true iff the node is newly added.
+    pub fn add_node(&mut self, node: NodeHandle) -> bool {
+        todo!()
+    }
+
+    /// Adds a node to the subgraph. Returns true iff the node is successfully removed.
+    pub fn remove_node(&mut self, node: &NodeHandle) -> bool {
+        todo!()
+    }
+
+    /// Returns true iff the subgraph contains a cycle. Nodes that do not belong to this subgraph
+    /// are ignored. See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycle_(graph_theory) for an algorithm.
+    pub fn detect_cycle(&self) -> bool {
+        todo!()
+    }
+}

src/assignments/assignment11/graph_grade.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+//! Test cases for assignment11/graph.rs
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod test_graph {
+    use crate::assignments::assignment11::graph::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_graph() {
+        let mut nodes = (0..6).map(NodeHandle::new).collect::<Vec<_>>();
+        let edges = [
+            (0, 1),
+            (0, 3),
+            (1, 4),
+            (2, 4),
+            (2, 5),
+            (3, 1),
+            (4, 3),
+            (5, 5),
+        ];
+
+        for (from, to) in edges {
+            assert!(nodes[from].add_edge(nodes[to].clone()).unwrap());
+        }
+
+        let mut graph1 = SubGraph::new();
+        (0..6).for_each(|n| {
+            assert!(graph1.add_node(nodes[n].clone()));
+        });
+        assert!(graph1.detect_cycle());
+        assert!(!graph1.add_node(nodes[0].clone()));
+
+        let mut graph2 = SubGraph::new();
+        for n in [0, 1, 3] {
+            assert!(graph2.add_node(nodes[n].clone()));
+        }
+        assert!(!graph2.detect_cycle());
+
+        assert!(graph2.add_node(nodes[4].clone()));
+        assert!(graph2.detect_cycle());
+
+        assert!(nodes[4].remove_edge(&nodes[3]).unwrap());
+        assert!(!graph2.detect_cycle());
+
+        let mut graph3 = SubGraph::new();
+        for n in [0, 1, 2, 3] {
+            assert!(graph3.add_node(nodes[n].clone()));
+        }
+        assert!(!graph3.detect_cycle());
+
+        let more_edges = [(1, 2), (2, 3)];
+        for (from, to) in more_edges {
+            assert!(nodes[from].add_edge(nodes[to].clone()).unwrap());
+        }
+        assert!(graph3.detect_cycle());
+
+        assert!(graph3.remove_node(&nodes[2]));
+        assert!(!graph3.detect_cycle());
+
+        for n in nodes {
+            n.clear_edges().unwrap();
+        }
+    }
+}

src/assignments/assignment11/linked_list.rs

@@ -59,4 +59,82 @@ impl<T: Debug> SinglyLinkedList<T> {
     pub fn pop_back(&mut self) -> Option<T> {
         todo!()
     }
+
+    /// Create a new list from the given vector `vec`.
+    pub fn from_vec(vec: Vec<T>) -> Self {
+        todo!()
+    }
+
+    /// Convert the current list into a vector.
+    pub fn as_vec(&self) -> Vec<T> {
+        todo!()
+    }
+
+    /// Return the length (i.e., number of nodes) of the list.
+    pub fn length(&self) -> usize {
+        todo!()
+    }
+
+    /// Apply function `f` on every element of the list.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// `self`: `[1, 2]`, `f`: `|x| x + 1` ==> `[2, 3]`
+    pub fn map<F: Fn(T) -> T>(&mut self, f: F) {
+        todo!()
+    }
+
+    /// Insert given list `another` at the specified index `idx`.
+    /// If `idx` is out-of-bound of `self`, append `another` at the end of `self`.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// `self`: `[1, 2]`, `another`: `[3, 4]`, `idx`: `1` ==> `[1, 3, 4, 2]`
+    /// `self`: `[1, 2]`, `another`: `[3, 4]`, `idx`: `5` ==> `[1, 2, 3, 4]`
+    pub fn insert(&mut self, another: &Self, idx: usize) {
+        todo!()
+    }
+
+    /// Reverse the list in a chunk of size `n`.
+    /// If `n == 0`, do nothing.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// `self`: `[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]`, `n`: `3`
+    /// // each chunk of size `3`: `[1, 2, 3]`, `[4, 5, 6]`, `[7, 8, 9]`
+    /// // reversed sequence of chunks: `[7, 8, 9]`, `[4, 5, 6]`, `[1, 2, 3]`
+    /// ==> `[7, 8, 9, 4, 5, 6, 1, 2, 3]`,
+    ///
+    /// `self`: `[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]`, `n`: `4`
+    /// // each chunk of size `4`: `[1, 2, 3, 4]`, `[5, 6, 7, 8]`, `[9]`
+    /// // reversed sequence of chunks: `[9]`, `[5, 6, 7, 8]`, `[1, 2, 3, 4]`
+    /// ==> `[9, 5, 6, 7, 8, 1, 2, 3, 4]`
+    pub fn chunk_reverse(&mut self, n: usize) {
+        todo!()
+    }
+
+    /// Apply given function `f` for each adjacent pair of elements in the list.
+    /// If `self.length() < 2`, do nothing.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// `self`: `[1, 2, 3, 4]`, `f`: `|x, y| x + y`
+    /// // each adjacent pair of elements: `(1, 2)`, `(2, 3)`, `(3, 4)`
+    /// // apply `f` to each pair: `f(1, 2) == 3`, `f(2, 3) == 5`, `f(3, 4) == 7`
+    /// ==> `[3, 5, 7]`
+    pub fn pair_map<F: Fn(T, T) -> T>(&mut self, f: F) {
+        todo!()
+    }
+}
+
+// A list of lists.
+impl<T: Debug> SinglyLinkedList<SinglyLinkedList<T>> {
+    /// Flatten the list of lists into a single list.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    /// `self`: `[[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8]]`
+    /// ==> `[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]`
+    pub fn flatten(self) -> SinglyLinkedList<T> {
+        todo!()
+    }
 }

src/assignments/assignment11/linked_list_grade.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,122 @@
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod test_linked_list {
+    use crate::assignments::assignment11::linked_list::*;
+
+    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+    struct V(usize);
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_push_pop() {
+        let mut list = SinglyLinkedList::new();
+        list.push_back(V(3));
+        list.push_front(V(2));
+        list.push_back(V(4));
+        list.push_front(V(1));
+        list.push_back(V(5));
+
+        assert_eq!(list.pop_front(), Some(V(1)));
+        assert_eq!(list.pop_back(), Some(V(5)));
+        assert_eq!(list.pop_front(), Some(V(2)));
+        assert_eq!(list.pop_back(), Some(V(4)));
+        assert_eq!(list.pop_front(), Some(V(3)));
+        assert_eq!(list.pop_back(), None);
+        assert_eq!(list.pop_front(), None);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_from_as_vec() {
+        assert_eq!(SinglyLinkedList::<i32>::new().as_vec(), vec![]);
+        assert_eq!(
+            SinglyLinkedList::from_vec(vec![1, 2, 3]).as_vec(),
+            vec![1, 2, 3]
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_length() {
+        let list = SinglyLinkedList::from_vec(vec![1, 2, 3]);
+        assert_eq!(list.length(), 3);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_map() {
+        let mut list = SinglyLinkedList::from_vec(vec![1, 2, 3]);
+        let incr = |x: i32| x + 1;
+        list.map(incr);
+        assert_eq!(list.as_vec(), vec![2, 3, 4]);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_insert() {
+        let mut list1 = SinglyLinkedList::from_vec(vec![1, 2, 3]);
+        let mut list2 = SinglyLinkedList::from_vec(vec![1, 2, 3]);
+        let mut list3 = SinglyLinkedList::from_vec(vec![1, 2, 3]);
+        let list4 = SinglyLinkedList::from_vec(vec![4, 5, 6]);
+
+        list1.insert(&list4, 0);
+        assert_eq!(list1.as_vec(), vec![4, 5, 6, 1, 2, 3]);
+
+        list2.insert(&list4, 1);
+        assert_eq!(list2.as_vec(), vec![1, 4, 5, 6, 2, 3]);
+
+        list3.insert(&list4, 4);
+        assert_eq!(list3.as_vec(), vec![1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_chunk_reverse() {
+        let mut list1 = SinglyLinkedList::from_vec(vec![1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]);
+        list1.chunk_reverse(3);
+        assert_eq!(list1.as_vec(), vec![7, 8, 9, 3, 4, 5, 1, 2, 3]);
+
+        let mut list2 = SinglyLinkedList::from_vec(vec![1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]);
+        list2.chunk_reverse(3);
+        assert_eq!(list2.as_vec(), vec![7, 8, 4, 5, 6, 1, 2, 3]);
+
+        let mut list3 = SinglyLinkedList::from_vec(vec![1, 2, 3]);
+        list3.chunk_reverse(4);
+        assert_eq!(list3.as_vec(), vec![1, 2, 3]);
+
+        let mut list4 = SinglyLinkedList::from_vec(vec![1, 2, 3, 4]);
+        list4.chunk_reverse(1);
+        assert_eq!(list4.as_vec(), vec![4, 3, 2, 1]);
+
+        let mut list5 = SinglyLinkedList::from_vec(vec![1, 2, 3, 4]);
+        list4.chunk_reverse(0);
+        assert_eq!(list4.as_vec(), vec![1, 2, 3, 4]);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_pair_map() {
+        let mut list = SinglyLinkedList::from_vec(vec![1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]);
+        let add = |x: i32, y: i32| x + y;
+
+        list.pair_map(add);
+        assert_eq!(list.as_vec(), vec![3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17]);
+
+        list.pair_map(add);
+        assert_eq!(list.as_vec(), vec![8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, 32]);
+
+        list.pair_map(add);
+        assert_eq!(list.as_vec(), vec![20, 28, 36, 44, 52, 60]);
+
+        list.pair_map(add);
+        assert_eq!(list.as_vec(), vec![48, 64, 80, 96, 112]);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_flatten() {
+        let list1 = SinglyLinkedList::from_vec(vec![1, 2]);
+        let list2 = SinglyLinkedList::from_vec(vec![3]);
+        let list3 = SinglyLinkedList::from_vec(vec![4, 5, 6, 7]);
+        let list4 = SinglyLinkedList::<i32>::new();
+        let list5 = SinglyLinkedList::from_vec(vec![8, 9, 10]);
+
+        let list_list = SinglyLinkedList::from_vec(vec![list1, list2, list3, list4, list5]);
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            list_list.flatten().as_vec(),
+            vec![1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
+        );
+    }
+}

src/assignments/assignment11/mock_storage.rs

@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 //! Mock storage.
 //!
-//! Consult <https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch15-05-interior-mutability.html#a-use-case-for-interior-mutability-mock-objects>.
+//! Hint: Consult <https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch15-05-interior-mutability.html#a-use-case-for-interior-mutability-mock-objects>.
+//!
+//! Refer `mock_storage_grade.rs` for test cases.
 
 use std::cell::RefCell;
 use std::collections::HashMap;

src/assignments/assignment11/mock_storage_grade.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+//! Test cases for assignment11/mock_storage.rs
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod test_mock_storage {
+    use crate::assignments::assignment11::mock_storage::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_mock_storage() {
+        let mock_storage = MockStorage::new(100);
+
+        let uploader1 = FileUploader::new(&mock_storage);
+        let uploader2 = FileUploader::new(&mock_storage);
+
+        let usage_analyzer = UsageAnalyzer::new(&mock_storage, 0.75);
+
+        assert!(uploader1.upload("file1.txt", 20).is_ok());
+        assert!(usage_analyzer.is_usage_under_bound());
+
+        assert!(uploader2.upload("file2.txt", 30).is_ok());
+        assert!(usage_analyzer.is_usage_under_bound());
+
+        assert!(uploader1.upload("file3.txt", 40).is_ok());
+        assert!(!usage_analyzer.is_usage_under_bound());
+
+        assert_eq!(uploader2.upload("file4.txt", 50), Err(40));
+        assert!(!usage_analyzer.is_usage_under_bound());
+
+        assert!(uploader1.upload("file3.txt", 10).is_ok());
+        assert!(usage_analyzer.is_usage_under_bound());
+    }
+}

src/assignments/assignment11/mod.rs

@@ -1,9 +1,15 @@
 //! Assignment 11: Familiarizing with smart pointers.
 //!
 //! You should fill out `todo!()` placeholders in such a way that `/scripts/grade-11.sh` works fine.
-//! See `assignment11_grade.rs` and `/scripts/grade-11.sh` for the test script.
+//! See `assignment11/*_grade.rs` and `/scripts/grade-11.sh` for the test script.
 //! Run `/scripts/prepare-submissions.sh` and submit `/target/assignment11.zip` to <https://gg.kaist.ac.kr>.
 
+pub mod graph;
 pub mod linked_list;
 pub mod mock_storage;
 pub mod tv_room;
+
+mod graph_grade;
+mod linked_list_grade;
+mod mock_storage_grade;
+mod tv_room_grade;

src/assignments/assignment11/tv_room.rs

@@ -15,6 +15,8 @@
 //! Consult the following documentations:
 //! - <https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch15-04-rc.html#rct-the-reference-counted-smart-pointer>
 //! - <https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch15-05-interior-mutability.html#having-multiple-owners-of-mutable-data-by-combining-rct-and-refcellt>
+//!
+//! Refer `tv_room_grade.rs` for test cases.
 
 use std::{cell::RefCell, rc::Rc};
 

src/assignments/assignment11/tv_room_grade.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+//! Test cases for assignment11/tv_room.rs
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod test_tv_room {
+    use crate::assignments::assignment11::tv_room::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_tv_room() {
+        let tv_room = TVRoom::new();
+        assert!(!tv_room.is_opened());
+
+        // Turn on and add new guests.
+        let manager = tv_room.open().unwrap();
+        assert!(tv_room.is_opened());
+        let guest1 = manager.new_guest();
+        let guest2 = manager.new_guest();
+        drop(manager);
+        drop(guest1);
+        assert!(tv_room.open().is_none());
+        drop(guest2);
+        assert!(!tv_room.is_opened());
+
+        // Turn on and add new guests.
+        let manager = tv_room.open().unwrap();
+        assert!(tv_room.is_opened());
+        let guest3 = manager.new_guest();
+        drop(guest3);
+        assert!(tv_room.is_opened());
+        drop(manager);
+        assert!(!tv_room.is_opened());
+    }
+}

src/assignments/assignment11_grade.rs

@@ -1,81 +0,0 @@
-#[cfg(test)]
-mod test {
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_tv_room() {
-        use crate::assignments::assignment11::tv_room::*;
-
-        let tv_room = TVRoom::new();
-        assert!(!tv_room.is_opened());
-
-        // Turn on and add new guests.
-        let manager = tv_room.open().unwrap();
-        assert!(tv_room.is_opened());
-        let guest1 = manager.new_guest();
-        let guest2 = manager.new_guest();
-        drop(manager);
-        drop(guest1);
-        assert!(tv_room.open().is_none());
-        drop(guest2);
-        assert!(!tv_room.is_opened());
-
-        // Turn on and add new guests.
-        let manager = tv_room.open().unwrap();
-        assert!(tv_room.is_opened());
-        let guest3 = manager.new_guest();
-        drop(guest3);
-        assert!(tv_room.is_opened());
-        drop(manager);
-        assert!(!tv_room.is_opened());
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_mock_storage() {
-        use crate::assignments::assignment11::mock_storage::*;
-
-        let mock_storage = MockStorage::new(100);
-
-        let uploader1 = FileUploader::new(&mock_storage);
-        let uploader2 = FileUploader::new(&mock_storage);
-
-        let usage_analyzer = UsageAnalyzer::new(&mock_storage, 0.75);
-
-        assert!(uploader1.upload("file1.txt", 20).is_ok());
-        assert!(usage_analyzer.is_usage_under_bound());
-
-        assert!(uploader2.upload("file2.txt", 30).is_ok());
-        assert!(usage_analyzer.is_usage_under_bound());
-
-        assert!(uploader1.upload("file3.txt", 40).is_ok());
-        assert!(!usage_analyzer.is_usage_under_bound());
-
-        assert_eq!(uploader2.upload("file4.txt", 50), Err(40));
-        assert!(!usage_analyzer.is_usage_under_bound());
-
-        assert!(uploader1.upload("file3.txt", 10).is_ok());
-        assert!(usage_analyzer.is_usage_under_bound());
-    }
-
-    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
-    struct V(usize);
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_linked_list() {
-        use crate::assignments::assignment11::linked_list::*;
-
-        let mut list = SinglyLinkedList::new();
-        list.push_back(V(3));
-        list.push_front(V(2));
-        list.push_back(V(4));
-        list.push_front(V(1));
-        list.push_back(V(5));
-
-        assert_eq!(list.pop_front(), Some(V(1)));
-        assert_eq!(list.pop_back(), Some(V(5)));
-        assert_eq!(list.pop_front(), Some(V(2)));
-        assert_eq!(list.pop_back(), Some(V(4)));
-        assert_eq!(list.pop_front(), Some(V(3)));
-        assert_eq!(list.pop_back(), None);
-        assert_eq!(list.pop_front(), None);
-    }
-}

src/assignments/assignment12/card.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+//! Flipping card game.
+//!
+//! HINT: For this assignment, you have to see `play` function in `card_grade.rs` file.
+//! Multiple threads will be created and they will run as enemy bots(`bot_threads`).
+//! Strategy of the enemy bots is implemented in the closure of the `thread::spawn` function.
+//! Your goal is to beat them so that there are more white cards than blue cards in the ground.
+//! Write your strategy in the `flip_card_strategy` function of the `Player` struct.
+//!
+//! Have fun!
+
+use std::{
+    collections::HashMap,
+    sync::{Arc, Mutex},
+};
+
+/// Color represents the color of the card.
+/// The color of a card can be either Blue or White.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq)]
+pub enum Color {
+    /// blue
+    Blue,
+
+    /// white
+    White,
+}
+
+/// Player struct represents a player in the card game.
+/// Each player has a memory which is represented as a HashMap.
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct Player {
+    memory: HashMap<isize, isize>,
+}
+
+impl Default for Player {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self::new()
+    }
+}
+
+impl Player {
+    /// Creates a new player with an empty memory.
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            memory: HashMap::new(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// This function should return the index of the card to flip and the color to change to.
+    pub fn flip_card_strategy(&mut self) -> (usize, Color) {
+        todo!()
+    }
+}

src/assignments/assignment12/card_grade.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,142 @@
+//! Test cases for assignment12/card.rs
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod test_card {
+    use crate::assignments::assignment12::card::*;
+
+    use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicBool, Ordering};
+    use std::sync::{Arc, Barrier, Mutex};
+    use std::thread;
+    use std::time::Duration;
+
+    const NUM_CARDS: usize = 10_000;
+    const DURATION: u64 = 1;
+    const NUM_ENEMIES: usize = 100;
+
+    #[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+    struct Card {
+        color: Arc<Mutex<Color>>,
+    }
+
+    impl Card {
+        fn new() -> Self {
+            Card {
+                color: Arc::new(Mutex::new(Color::Blue)),
+            }
+        }
+
+        fn flip(&self, new_color: Color) {
+            let mut color = self.color.lock().unwrap();
+            *color = new_color;
+        }
+
+        fn get_color(&self) -> Color {
+            let color = self.color.lock().unwrap();
+            *color
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+    struct Ground {
+        cards: Vec<Card>,
+    }
+
+    impl Ground {
+        fn new() -> Self {
+            let cards: Vec<_> = (0..NUM_CARDS).map(|_| Card::new()).collect();
+            Ground { cards }
+        }
+
+        fn flip_card(&self, idx: usize, color: Color) {
+            self.cards[idx % NUM_CARDS].flip(color);
+        }
+
+        fn get_card_color(&self, idx: usize) -> Color {
+            self.cards[idx % NUM_CARDS].get_color()
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn play() {
+        let ground = Ground::new();
+        let barrier = Arc::new(Barrier::new(
+            NUM_ENEMIES + 1 /*Player*/ + 1, /*Referee*/
+        ));
+        let playing = Arc::new(AtomicBool::new(true));
+
+        // Create a thread for the student's strategy
+        let mut player = Player::new();
+        let player_thread = {
+            let ground = ground.clone();
+            let barrier = barrier.clone();
+            let playing = playing.clone();
+
+            // The player's strategy thread
+            thread::spawn(move || {
+                // Get, Set, Ready, Go!
+                let _ = barrier.wait();
+
+                // As long as the game is still playing...
+                while playing.load(Ordering::SeqCst) {
+                    let (idx, color) = player.flip_card_strategy();
+                    ground.flip_card(idx, color);
+                }
+            })
+        };
+
+        // Create multiple threads for the computer's strategy
+        let dist = NUM_CARDS / NUM_ENEMIES;
+        let bot_threads: Vec<_> = (0..NUM_ENEMIES)
+            .map(|i| {
+                let ground = ground.clone();
+                let barrier = barrier.clone();
+                let playing = playing.clone();
+
+                let init = i * dist;
+                let mut cnt = 0;
+
+                thread::spawn(move || {
+                    // Get, Set, Ready, Go!
+                    let _ = barrier.wait();
+
+                    // As long as the game is still playing...
+                    while playing.load(Ordering::SeqCst) {
+                        let idx = init + (cnt % dist);
+                        match ground.get_card_color(idx) {
+                            Color::White => ground.flip_card(idx, Color::Blue),
+                            Color::Blue => thread::sleep(Duration::from_micros(1)),
+                        };
+                        cnt += 1;
+                    }
+                })
+            })
+            .collect();
+
+        // Get, Set, Ready, Go!
+        let _ = barrier.wait();
+
+        // Wait for a while and stop the game
+        thread::sleep(Duration::from_secs(DURATION));
+        playing.store(false, Ordering::SeqCst);
+
+        // Wait for all threads to finish
+        player_thread.join().unwrap();
+        for bot_thread in bot_threads {
+            bot_thread.join().unwrap();
+        }
+
+        // Count the number of white and blue cards
+        let mut white_cnt = 0;
+        let mut blue_cnt = 0;
+        for card in ground.cards {
+            match card.get_color() {
+                Color::White => white_cnt += 1,
+                Color::Blue => blue_cnt += 1,
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Print the winner
+        println!("[White: {white_cnt}, Blue: {blue_cnt}]");
+        assert!(white_cnt > blue_cnt, "You lose...",);
+    }
+}

src/assignments/assignment12/demux.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+//! Demultiplexing sender
+//!
+//! Implement demultiplexing sender
+//! Demultiplexer, `Demux` in short, is a device that has one input and many outputs.
+//! It distributes the input to the outputs according to the control signal.
+//! It is used when a circuit wishes to send a signal to one of many devices.
+//! For more information, refer <https://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/combination/comb_3.html>
+//!
+//! In this assignment, closure `f` will be given as an argument to `demux` function.
+//! This closure will be used to determine which destination to send the input data.
+//!
+//! Refer `demux_grade.rs` for test cases
+
+use std::sync::mpsc::{channel, Receiver, SendError, Sender};
+use std::thread;
+
+/// Sender for demux.
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct DemuxSender<T, F: Fn(&T) -> bool> {
+    tx_true: Sender<T>,
+    tx_false: Sender<T>,
+    f: F,
+}
+
+impl<T, F: Fn(&T) -> bool> DemuxSender<T, F> {
+    /// send
+    ///
+    ///  If `f(&value)` is true, send `value` to `tx_true`. Otherwise, send `value` to `tx_false`.
+    pub fn send(&self, value: T) -> Result<(), SendError<T>> {
+        todo!()
+    }
+}
+
+/// Demux.
+pub fn demux<T, F: Fn(&T) -> bool>(f: F) -> (DemuxSender<T, F>, Receiver<T>, Receiver<T>) {
+    todo!()
+}

src/assignments/assignment12/demux_grade.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+//! Test cases for assignment12/demux.rs
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod test_demux {
+    use crate::assignments::assignment12::demux::*;
+    use ntest::timeout;
+
+    use std::sync::mpsc::channel;
+    use std::thread;
+
+    #[test]
+    #[timeout(5000)]
+    fn test_demux() {
+        let (tx, rx1, rx2) = demux::<u32, _>(|x| x % 2 == 0);
+
+        let thread_tx = thread::spawn(move || {
+            for i in 0..100 {
+                tx.send(i).unwrap();
+            }
+        });
+
+        let thread_rx1 = thread::spawn(move || {
+            let sum: u32 = rx1.iter().sum();
+            assert_eq!(sum, (0..100).filter(|x| x % 2 == 0).sum());
+        });
+
+        let thread_rx2 = thread::spawn(move || {
+            let sum: u32 = rx2.iter().sum();
+            assert_eq!(sum, (0..100).filter(|x| x % 2 != 0).sum());
+        });
+
+        thread_tx.join().unwrap();
+        thread_rx1.join().unwrap();
+        thread_rx2.join().unwrap();
+    }
+}

src/assignments/assignment12/funnel.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+//! Funnel
+//!
+//! Spawn a thread that executes a funnel.
+//! Funnel will receive data from multiple receivers and send it to a single sender.
+//! Also, the funnel will filter out data that does not pass the filter function.
+//!
+//! Refer `funnel_grade.rs` for test cases
+
+use std::sync::mpsc::{channel, Receiver, Sender};
+use std::sync::Arc;
+use std::thread;
+use std::thread::JoinHandle;
+
+/// Spawn a thread that concurrently receive datas from `rxs`, send it to `tx` if it makes `f` true. Returns its handle.
+pub fn spawn_funnel<T, F>(rxs: Vec<Receiver<T>>, tx: Sender<T>, f: F) -> JoinHandle<()>
+where
+    T: Send + 'static,
+    F: Send + Sync + Fn(&T) -> bool + 'static,
+{
+    todo!()
+}

src/assignments/assignment12/funnel_grade.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+//! Test cases for assignment12/funnel.rs
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod test_funnel {
+    use crate::assignments::assignment12::funnel::*;
+    use ntest::timeout;
+
+    use std::sync::mpsc::channel;
+    use std::thread;
+
+    #[test]
+    #[timeout(5000)]
+    fn test_funnel_concurrent() {
+        let (txs, rxs): (Vec<_>, Vec<_>) = (0..10).map(|_| channel::<u32>()).unzip();
+        let (tx, rx) = channel::<u32>();
+        let filter = |x: &u32| x % 2 == 0;
+
+        let thread_txs_rx = thread::spawn(move || {
+            for i in 0..100 {
+                let idx = (i * 7) % 13 * 17 % 10;
+                txs[idx].send(i as u32).unwrap();
+                if i % 2 == 0 {
+                    let x = rx.recv().unwrap();
+                    assert_eq!(x, i as u32);
+                }
+            }
+        });
+        let thread_funnel = spawn_funnel(rxs, tx, filter);
+
+        thread_txs_rx.join().unwrap();
+        thread_funnel.join().unwrap();
+    }
+}

src/assignments/assignment12/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+//! Assignment 12: Concurrency.
+//!
+//! The primary goal of this assignment is to get used to concurrency.
+//!
+//! You should fill out the `todo!()` placeholders in such a way that `/scripts/grade-12.sh` works fine.
+//! See `assignment12/*_grade.rs` and `/scripts/grade-12.sh` for the test script.
+
+pub mod card;
+pub mod demux;
+pub mod funnel;
+pub mod small_exercises;
+
+mod card_grade;
+mod demux_grade;
+mod funnel_grade;
+mod small_exercises_grade;

src/assignments/assignment12/small_exercises.rs

@@ -1,23 +1,25 @@
 #![allow(single_use_lifetimes)]
 
-//! Assignment 12: Concurrency.
+//! Small exercises
 //!
-//! The primary goal of this assignment is to get used to concurrency.
+//! Refer `small_exercises_grade.rs` for test cases
-//!
-//! You should fill out the `todo!()` placeholders in such a way that `/scripts/grade-12.sh` works fine.
-//! See `assignment12_grade.rs` and `/scripts/grade-12.sh` for the test script.
 
 use std::sync::mpsc::{Receiver, RecvError, Sender};
 use std::thread;
 
 use etrace::*;
 
-/// The "pong" function (read the test script to figure out what it should do).
+/// The "pong" function
+///
+/// Data will be sent and received through `rx` and `tx`.
+/// Read the `test_ping_pong` function in `small_exercises_grade.rs` to figure out what it should do.
 pub fn pong(rx1: &mut Receiver<u32>, tx2: &mut Sender<u32>) -> bool {
     todo!()
 }
 
 /// Executes the given functions (f1, f2) in concurrent and returns the results.
+///
+/// Read the `test_scoped_thread` function in `small_exercises_grade.rs` to figure out what it should do.
 pub fn use_scoped_thread<'scope, 'env, T1, T2, F1, F2>(
     s: &'scope thread::Scope<'scope, 'env>,
     f1: F1,

src/assignments/assignment12/small_exercises_grade.rs

@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
+//! Test cases for assignment12/small_exercises_grade.rs
+
 #[cfg(test)]
-mod test {
+mod test_pingpong {
-    use super::super::assignment12::*;
+    use crate::assignments::assignment12::small_exercises::*;
     use ntest::timeout;
 
     use std::sync::mpsc::channel;

src/assignments/assignment13.rs

@@ -1,48 +0,0 @@
-//! Assignment 13: Parallelism.
-//!
-//! The primary goal of this assignment is to get used to data parallelism.
-//!
-//! Refer to your solution for assignment 09. You will implement the parallelized version of assignment 09.
-//! You should fill out the `todo!()` placeholders in such a way that `/scripts/grade-13.sh` works fine.
-//! See `assignment13_grade.rs` and `/scripts/grade-13.sh` for the test script.
-
-use rayon::prelude::*;
-
-/// Returns the sum of `f(v)` for all element `v` the given array.
-///
-/// # Exmaple
-///
-/// ```
-/// use cs220::assignments::assignment13::sigma;
-/// use rayon::iter::IntoParallelIterator;
-///
-/// assert_eq!(sigma([1, 2].into_par_iter(), |x| x + 2), 7);
-/// assert_eq!(sigma([1, 2].into_par_iter(), |x| x * 4), 12);
-/// ```
-pub fn sigma<T, F: Fn(T) -> i64 + Sync + Send>(
-    inner: impl ParallelIterator<Item = T>,
-    f: F,
-) -> i64 {
-    todo!()
-}
-
-/// Alternate elements from three iterators until they have run out.
-///
-/// # Example
-///
-/// ```
-/// use cs220::assignments::assignment13::interleave3;
-/// use rayon::iter::IntoParallelIterator;
-///
-/// assert_eq!(
-///     interleave3([1, 2].into_par_iter(), [3, 4].into_par_iter(), [5, 6].into_par_iter()),
-///     vec![1, 3, 5, 2, 4, 6]
-/// );
-/// ```
-pub fn interleave3<T: Send>(
-    list1: impl IndexedParallelIterator<Item = T>,
-    list2: impl IndexedParallelIterator<Item = T>,
-    list3: impl IndexedParallelIterator<Item = T>,
-) -> Vec<T> {
-    todo!()
-}

src/assignments/assignment13/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+//! Assignment 13: Parallelism.
+//!
+//! The primary goal of this assignment is to get used to data parallelism.
+//!
+//! Refer to your solution for assignment 09. You will implement the parallelized version of assignment 09.
+//! You should fill out the `todo!()` placeholders in such a way that `/scripts/grade-13.sh` works fine.
+//! See `assignment13/small_exercises_grade.rs` and `/scripts/grade-13.sh` for the test script.
+
+pub mod small_exercises;
+mod small_exercises_grade;